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3. Citizenship is the status of a person
recognized under the custom or law of a
sovereign state or local jurisdiction. In many
sovereign states, citizenship is equal to
nationality, which is in international law the
membership to a sovereign state.

4. It also implies full
and equal members
of a political
community.

5. Full membership

6. Full Membership of a political community means that
he/she enjoys all civil as well as political rights under the
protection of the state in return for his/her loyalty to the
state This means that he/she agrees to abide by the rules
and regulations of the society, not be a disturbance to the
society and follow his/her duties completely along with
rights.

7. A Collective political Identity: Nation-states
provide a collective political identity to their
members as well as certain rights. Therefore
we think of ourselves as Indians, or
Japanese, or Germans, depending on the
state to which we belong.

8. Citizens expect certain rights from their state as well
as help and protection wherever they may travel.
Certain rights are required so that a person is able to
live their lives with dignity and can progress and
develop in the respective areas of interest. A citizen
also requires protection towards his/her life or right to
life, so that one may live freely.

9. A state is also required for
protection towards threats
and that can provide
necessary conditions for
minimum quality of life.

10. Refugees do not have full membership in
their country and hence they do not enjoy
any rights and live like strangers in
another country. Such people are not
guaranteed rights by any state and
generally live in precarious conditions.

11. Equal Membership

12. The term "equal membership" refers to the fact that all
citizens have the same rights. Nobody is treated unfairly
because of their caste, religion, region, or gender.
When we talk about citizenship, we're talking about
rights and responsibilities, which we've won after many
battles, such as the Indian freedom struggle. Black
people in South Africa fought for equal rights.

13. Citizenship encompasses not only state-citizen
relations but also citizens and their
responsibilities to the state. It encompasses
not only state-imposed legal obligations but
also a moral obligation to participate in and
contribute to the community's shared life.

14. Citizens are also
regarded as the
inheritors and trustees of
the country's culture and
natural resources.

15. Q5) Migration of people to different
regions within the country is often
resisted by the local inhabitants.
What are some of the contributions
that the migrants could make to the
local economy?

16. Ans ) • Labour tends to
migrate in search of jobs
when opportunities are
not available near their
homes.

17. • Often, resistance builds up
among the local people
against so many jobs going to
people from outside the area,
sometimes at lower wages.

18. • There may sometimes be a difference
between our response to poor migrants
and to skilled migrants. We may not
always be as welcoming to poor migrants
who move into our areas as we may be to
skilled and affluent workers.

19. • The booming building industry in
town attracts workers from
different parts of the country. So
do infrastructure projects like road
making which greatly require
unskilled labour.

20. Q7 ) Q) In what
ways a person can
get or lose Indian
citizenship ?

21. Ans) Our Indian Constitution provides certain
provisions with regards to the acquisition of
citizenship in India from Articles 5 to 11. There
are certain ways like birth, registration, descent,
naturalisation and incorporation of territory
through which a person can acquire citizenship
in India.

22. We can lose
citizenship by :

23. The citizen has
obtained citizenship
by fraud.

24. The citizen has
shown disloyalty to
the Constitution of
India.

25. The citizen has
unlawfully traded or
communicated with
the enemy during a
war