Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant intestinal roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation. The adult worms can reach lengths of 20-35 cm in females and 15-30 cm in males. The life cycle involves fertilized eggs passing in feces and developing into infective larvae outside the body. People become infected by ingesting these embryonated eggs. The larvae hatch in the intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, migrate through the lungs, are swallowed and pass into the intestine where they mature into adult worms. Most infections are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include abdominal pain,
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, a species of roundworm. Infections have no symptoms in more than 85% of cases, especially if the number of worms is small. Symptomatic ascariasis may manifest as growth retardation, pneumonitis, intestinal obstruction, or hepatobiliary and pancreatic injury.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND CHILD HEALTH DISORDERS IN EASY WAY
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
1. Ascaris Lumbricoides (Round worm)
Introduction
Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest nematode (roundworm) parasitizing the human
intestine.
Ascaris lumbricoides is an intestinal worm found in the small intestine of man.
They are more common in children then in adult.
As many as 500 to 5000 adult worms may inhabit a single host.
Common name:- Giant Intestinal round worms.
Disease:-Ascariaisis
Host :- The human is Definite host.
Location in Definitive host :- the adult worm: in small intestines . larva: in lung .
Infective stage :- Ovum
Geographical Distribution
• Worldwide
• High prevalence in underdeveloped countries that have poor sanitation (parts of Asia,
South America and Africa)
• Occurs during rainy months, tropical and subtropical countries
• Even occurs in rural areas in the United States
Morphology
It exist in 2 forms
- Adult
- Egg
Adult
It is a elongated, cylindrical and tapering at both ends.
Sexes are separate
The female is longer than male 20 – 35 cm long, 4-6 mm in diameter.
Male is smaller being 15-30 cm long, 2-4 mm in diameter.
The posterior end of male is curved having penial setae near the end.
The mouth opens at the anterior end.
It is surrounded by three finely toothed lips.
The lips are one dorsal and two ventrolateral. amphidial gland which is
olfactory and chemoreceptor
2. Egg
Fertilized and unfertilized Ascaris lumbricoides eggs are passed in the stool of the
infected host.
Fertilized eggs are are rounded and have a thick shell with an external mammillated layer
that is often stained brown by bile.
In some cases, the outer layer is absent (known as decorticated eggs).
Fertile eggs range from 45 to 75 µm in length.
Unfertilized eggs are elongated and larger than fertile eggs (up to 90 µm in length).
Their shell is thinner and their mammillated layer is more variable, either with large
protuberances or practically none.
Unfertile eggs contain mainly a mass of refractile granules.
3. Life Cycle
Site of inhabitation: small intestine
Infective stage: embryonated eggs
Route of infection: by mouth
No intermediate and reservoir hosts
Life span of the adult: about 1 year
Stage I: Eggs in faeces
Sexually mature female produces as many as 200,000 eggs per day, which are shed along
with faeces in unembryonated form. They are non infective
Stage II: Development in soil
Embryonation occurs in soil as optimum temperature of 20-25C with sufficient moisture
and O2
Infective larva develops within egg in about 3-6 weeks
Stage III: Human infection and liberation of larvae
Human get infection with ingestion of embryonated egg contaminated food and water
Within embryonated state inside egg, first stage larvae develops into second stage larvae.
This second stage larvae is known as Rhabtitiform larvae
Second stage larve is stimulated to hatch out by the presence of alkaline pH in small
intestine and solubilization of its outer layer by bile.
Stage IV: migration of larvae through
4. Hatched out larvae penetrates the intestinal wall and carried to liver through portal
circulation
It then travels via blood to heart and to lungs by pulmonary circulation within 4-7 days of
infection.
The larvae in lungs molds twice, enlarge and breaks into alveoli.
Stage V: Re-entry to stomach and small intestine
From alveoli, the Larvae then pass up through bronchi and into trachea and then
swallowed.
The larvae passes down the oesophagus to the stomach and reached into small intestine
once again.
Small intestine is the normal habitat of Ascaris and it colonises here.
Within intestine parasite molds twice and mature into adult worm.
Sexual maturation occurs with 6-10 weeks and the mature female discharges its eggs in
intestinal lumen and excreted along with faeces, continuing the life cycle.
The life span of parasite is 12-18 months
5.
6. Pathogenesis:
1. Mode of transmission:
faeco-oral route, by contaminated vegetables or water.
2. Pathogenesis:
Infection of A. lumbricoides in man is known as Ascariasis. There are two phase in ascariasis.
Phase I: migrating larvae
The migrating larvae causes pathological lesions. The severity of lesions depends upon
the sensitivity of host, nutritional status of host and number of migrating larvae.
During migration and molding through lungs, larvae may causes pneumonia with low
grade fever, cough and other allergic symptoms.
Phase II: Adult worm
Few worm in intestine produce no major symptoms and but some time give abdominal
pain especially in children.
The adult worm produce trauma in host tissue and the wandering adults may block the
appendical lumen or common bile duct and even small intestine.
Large number of adult worms affects the nutritional status of host by robbing the
nutrition leading to malnutrition and growth retardation in children.
The metabolites of living or dead worm are toxic and immunogenic.
lumbricoides also produces various allergic toxin, which manifests fever, conjunctivitis
and irritation
Clinical manifestation:
Most of the Ascaris infection is asymptomatic
1. Symptomatic ascariasis; two types
2. Intestinal Ascariasis
3. Pulmonary Ascariasis
1. Intestinal ascariasis;
Nausea
Vomiting
Colicky abdominal pain
7. Abdominal distention
Weight loss and diarrhea
Malbasorption of nutrition
Growth retardation
Heavy worm in children leads to intussusception and total obstruction
Complications: Appendicitis, Biliary colic and perforation of bile duct, Hepatomegaly
2. Pulmonary ascariasis;
Transient eosinophilic pneumonitis (loeffler’s disease); elevated IgE
Bronchospasm
Dyspnea and wheezing
Fever
Non-productive cough and chest pain
Lab diagnosis:
1. Specimen: stool, sputum
2. Microscopy: examination of stool by saline emulsion or concentration by floatation
methods employed to unembryonated egg
3. X-ray
4. Serodiagnosis: Indirect haemagglutination test, Immuno-fluorescence assay
5. Ultrasonography and CT scan
6. Other test: blood count shown peripheral eosinophilia
Treatment and prophylaxis:
Mebendazole: drug of choice, (100mg twice a day for 3 days)
Albendazole: 500mg single dose
Pyrantel pamoate: single dose of 1omg/kg weight
Piperazine citrate