This document discusses the evolution of mobile network architecture from 2G to 5G. It describes the increasing data speeds over time from 2G's 14.4 Kbps to 5G's potential for 1 Gbps. It also outlines the key components of a mobile network including the mobile station, base station, switching centers, and registers that store location and authentication data. Finally, it provides an overview of 4G LTE architecture and the transition to an all-IP network as well as steps taken for secure mobile data networks.

1. MOBILE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

2. 2G
14.4 Kbps
2.5G
384Kbps
(EDGE)
3G
14.4 Mbps
(HSPDA)
LTE
300Mbps
5G
1Gbps
Evolution of data speeds

3. 3
• Mobile Station (MS)
• Mobile Equipment (ME)
• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Authentication Center (AUC)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Mobile Telecom System Architecture

4. 11/21/2023 4
Permanent data
Regular update of subscriber’s
current VLR
Stores the subscriber
authentication data
Stores the subscriber tele
services and supplementary
services data
HLR
Home Location register
(HLR)

5. 11/21/2023 5
Temporary data
Kept as long as subscriber is within its coverage area
Updated from the HLR
Always associated with a Mobile Services Switching
Centre (MSC)
VLR
MSC
Visitor Location register
(VLR)

6. 6
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Permanent data
Regular update of subscriber’s current MS
Identity
It maintain three lists.

7. 7
SS7
BTS
BSC
MSC
VLR
HLR
AuC
GMSC
BSS
PSTN
NSS
A
E
C
D
PSTN
Abis
B
H
MS
BSS — Base Station System
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
NSS — Network Sub-System
MSC — Mobile- switching centre VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
2G Architecture – voice & data
SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS — General Packet Radio Service
IP
2G+ MS (voice & data)
PSDN
Gi
SGSN
Gr
Gb
Gs
GGSN
Gc
Gn
2G MS (voice only)

8. Call Flow
BSC
MSC
SGSN
Voice
Data BTS

11. 3G Architecture
SD
Mobile Station
MSC/
VLR
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUC
EIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
GGSN
SGSN
BTS
BSC
Node
B
RNC
RNS
UTRAN
SIM
ME
USIM
ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet

12.  LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
 Next Generation mobile broadband technology
 Promises data transfer rates of 300 Mbps
 Optimized for All-IP traffic
Advantages of LTE
4G (LTE)
i. High Network Throughput
ii. Low latency
iii. Plug & Play Architecture
iv. Low operating cost
v. All IP network
vi. Simplified upgrade path from 3G Networks
i. Faster Data downloads/Uploads
ii. Improved response for application
iii. Improved end-user experience
Network operators End Users

13. Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
LTE Radio
Access Network
(EUTRAN)
MME
Serving
GW
PDN
GW
Services in
Packet
Data
Network
eNode-B
SAE-GW
EUTRAN Key Features:
• Evolved NodeB
• X2 interface (between eNBs)
• IP transport layer
• UL/DL resource scheduling
• QoS Awareness
• Self-configuration
LTE Network Architecture

14. What is VoLTE
• VoLTE stands for
• It is voice calls over a 4G LTE network.
• Based on IP Core network, rather than traditional circuit
switched Core networks.

15. How VoLTE Works
IMS
(IP
Multi
media)
Radio
Network
CS
Core
Other
2G/3G
Network
4G Site
2G/3G Site
1
2 3
4G Handset
IP Packet
CORE
(PACO) Internet
Cloud
Other Volte
NW
Break-out Voice Call

16. Voice and data combined NW architecture for all four
technologies - 2G 3G 4G & VOLTE
Node B
RNC
Node B
P
C
U
Gb
SGs
Gi
Gc
GGSN
Gr
Gn
Gp
Core
Access
EIR
A
BTS
BTS
MSC/
VLR
GMSC
HLR/
AC
Abis
C
D
F Gf
GMSC
server
MSC
server
MGW
MGW Mc
Mc
Nc
Nb
IuCS
IuPS
PDN
PSTN
PLMN
PSTN
PLMN
BSC
3G
Element
2G
Element
4G
Element
SGSN
SGSN
MME
HSS
eNode B eNode B
GGSN
SAE GW
S6
IMS
VOLTE
AS

17. Steps taken for secure mobile data network
 Deployment Firewalls (L7-NG ) and IPS devices with stringent rulebases at the perimeter level
 VLAN / zoning implementation on L3 devices of IP data network
 Replacing vulnerable protocols like http, telnet, ftp with https, SSH , SFTP
 Periodic security scans (NessusScan) to detect the IP device vulnerability (VA score management)
 Disable of ICMP protocol in NW to prevent ping and traceroute commands from external sources
 External Peneration Tests (PT ) to check the security of internal network of IP devices
 ISO27001 Certfication through external audits at periodic intervals in data centres
 Information Security trainings among all individuals within the organisation

18. THANK YOU