Chapter 8 of George Yule's book for linguistics📚 It's made by me, a student in the faculty of Education, Alexanderia university, Egypt.♥️ Name: Nourhan Elsayed ✨👋 اتمني ان تكون صدقة جارية لي بعد وفاتي كعلم ينتفع به 🤲 Share it with your friends and colleagues to spread the benefit🙏 ---------------------Contents---------------------- 1-Universal grammar theory 2-Syntax definition 3- Generative grammar 4- Deep and surface structures 5- Structural ambiguity _________Thank You________________

1. SYNTAX
CHAPTER 8

2. If you told a young child a
grammatically incorrect sentence as :
“Work to mama went “
He will figure out that something
is wrong with the sentence even if
he understood its meaning

3. • A theory in linguistics usually credited to Noam
Chomsky , it focuses on the effortless language
learning of young children.
• Chomsky believed that humans are born with
an innate ability to learn languages, also the
basic structures of language are already encoded
in the human brain at birth.
• His environment determines which language he
will use, but he is born with the tools to learn
any language effectively.
“ The universal grammar theory “

5. The origin of the word comes from
the Greek word “Syntaxis” which
means
( arrangement) or (putting together )
It can be defined as the rules or
arrangement that needed to be
followed when making a sentence
from words , clauses, punctuation
and phrases

6. our analysis must
account for all
the
grammatically
correct phrases
and sentences
and only those
grammatically
correct
phrases and
sentences in
whatever
language we are
analyzing.
our analysis must
account for all
the
grammatically
correct phrases
and sentences
and only those
grammatically
correct
phrases and
sentences in
whatever
language we are
analyzing.
our analysis must
account for all
the
grammatically
correct phrases
and sentences
and only those
grammatically
correct
phrases and
sentences in
whatever
language we are
analyzing
Any syntactic analysis must only apply for the
grammatically correct phrases and sentences in whatever
language we are analyzing
When we put syntactic rules for the purpose of creation of
well-formed structures, we have to check that those rules
when applied logically, won’t also lead to ill-formed
structures.

7. Rule : Prep + noun X
Near London
Near tree Near dog
Prep. + noun phrase ✅
Proper noun
(London)
Pronoun (you)
Combination of
article(a/an/the) + noun
Example
Near London With you
Near a tree With the dog

8. The effective
grammatical
rule is : A prepositional phrase in English consists
of a prep. followed by a noun phrase
we can imagine an extremely large number of
English phrases that could be produced using
this rule. In fact, the potential number is
unlimited

9. So we have
a small and
limited set
of rules
A large
unlimited
number of
well-formed
structures
Will be capable of
producing
“Generative Grammar “

10. Deep and Surface Structures
The terms deep and Surface structures were introduced by Naom
Chomsky as a part of his work on transformational grammar
1. Deep structure is
concerned with meaning
1. Surface structure is
concerned with grammar
Charlie broke the window.
The window was broken by Charlie.

11. 2. Deep structure refers
to abstract concepts ,
thoughts, ideas and
feelings
2. Surface structure refers
to the words or language
we use to represent the
deep structure
3. Deep structure is what
you wish to express
inside your mind
3. Surface structure is
how you express it with
the help of words and
sentences

13. That same deep structure can be the source of
many other surface structures such as It was
Charlie who
broke the window and Was the window
broken by Charlie?. In short, the grammar
must
be capable of showing how a single underlying
abstract representation can become
different surface structures

14. Annie hit a man with an umbrella.
“Annie had
an umbrella
and she hit a
man with it.”
“Annie hit a man and
the man happened
to be carrying an
umbrella.”
Structural ambiguity

15. The comedian Groucho Marx knew how to have fun with structural
ambiguity. In the film Animal Crackers, he first says I once shot an
elephant in my pajamas, then follows it with How he got into my
pajamas I’ll never know.
“I shot an elephant (while I was) in my pajamas”
“I shot an elephant (which was) in my pajamas.”
The interpretation can be :

16. Thank you
for
listening
By : Nourhan Elsayed