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2. Chemistry of Warfare
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
NOOR ZULFIQAR
2018-ag-3898

3. Chemical warfare agents 3
Definition
Chemical substances, whether gaseous, liquid, or solid, which are used
because of their direct toxic effects on humans, animals, or plants.
Antidote
An antidote is a drug, chelating substance, or a chemical that counteracts
(neutralizes) the effects of another drug or a poison.

4. Classification of Chemical warfare agents 4
Nerve
agents
Tear
agents
Blood
agents
Choking
agents
Blistering
skin
agents

5. Nerve Agents 5
 Attack the bodies nervous system.
 Can be inhaled or absorbed through the
skin.
 Antidote: Atropine
Side Effects:
 Difficulty in breathing
 Excessive sweating,
 Vomiting,
 Dimness of vision.

6. Tabun 6
KIND: Nerve agent
 First nerve agent
 Colorless to brown liquid.
 Faint fruity odor.
 Interferes with normal functioning of the
mammalian nervous system
ANTIDOTE: Atropine + NaF
Ethyl dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate

7. VX Gas 7
KIND: Nerve agent
 VX is short form "venomous agent X.
 VX is deadliest of all nerve agents.
 It works as a nerve agent by blocking the
function of the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase.
 VX kills in less than a minute.
ANTIDOTE: Atropine.
VX (nerve agent)

8. Blistering skin Agents(vesicants) 8
 They are named for the ability to cause severe chemical burns,
resulting in painful water blisters on the bodies of those affected.
 Attack the lungs, eyes, and skin.
 Smell like garlic and onion.
 Affects skin and mucous membrane.
 Readily absorbed through the eyes, lungs, and skin.

9. Mustard Gas 9
KIND: Blister agents
ANTIDOTE:
There is no antidote for mustard gas.
Side effects:
 No immediate effects other than a smell of garlic or mustard
 Early symptoms – sneezing Mustard Gas
 After 2 – 3 hours painful blisters are developed
 Respiratory tract damage in high concentrations
 Causes temporary blindness
Bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide

10. Lewisite 10
KIND: Blister agent
 Lewisite is an organo arsenic compound
 Acting as a blister agent and lung irritant.
 Although colorless and odorless
 Absorbed through the skin
 Fluid filled blisters are developed
ANTIDOTE: Dimercaprol
2-chloroethenylarsonous dichloride

11. Tear agents 11
Compound that irritates the eyes and nose causing
temporary blindness
Tear agents in the eyes, stimulates the nerves of
the lacrimal gland to produce tears and causes:
 Eye and respiratory pain
 Skin irritation
 Bleeding
 Even blindness British troops blinded by tear gas at the Battle of
Estaires, April 10, 1918

12. 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile 12
KIND: Tear agent
 CS gas is an aerosol.
Side Effects:
 Burning sensation,
 Tearing of the eyes to the extent that the subject
cannot keep his eyes open,
 Coughing,
 Nasal mucus discharge,
 Difficulty in breathing.
ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote, mild detergent or
water may be used
2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile

13. Pepper Spray 13
KIND: Tear agent
 Pepper spray (also known as capsaicin spray)
 Lachrymatory agent
 Used in crowd control, and self-defense.
 Its inflammatory effects cause the eyes to close,
taking away vision.
ANTIDOTE: No specific antidote, milk spray or
vegetable oil may be used.
Capsaicin

14. Choking Agents 14
 Attack the lungs, causing them to fill with fluid.
 Detected by their smell and their irritancy.
 The victim suffocates by drowning in his own body
fluid.
Side Effects:
 Coughing,
 Choking,
 Headache,
 Watering of the eyes.

15. Phosgene Gas 15
KIND: Choking Agents
 It decomposes in the presence of water
within the mucous membranes to form
carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid.
Side Effects:
 Coughing.
 Burning sensation in the throat and eyes.
 Watery eyes.
 Blurred vision.
 Difficulty breathing.
 vomiting.
ANTIDOTE: No antidote exists for phosgene
Carbonyl chloride
Reaction with water

16. Chlorine gas 16
Kind: Choking agent
 First used as a weapon in World War I.
 It had the distinctive smell of a mixture of pepper and
pineapple.
 Chlorine gas poisoning includes vomiting,head ache
and coughing.
 Human respiratory systems can be protected from
chlorine gas by gas masks.
ANTIDOTE: No antidote available.

17. Blood Agents 17
Blood agents are highly volatile and
colourless gasses.
Affects the body by being absorbed into
the blood.
Interfere with the bodies ability to absorb
oxygen.
Works through inhalation or ingestion.
Hydrogen cyanide
Cyanogen chloride
Arsine

18. Hydrogen Cyanide 18
KIND : Blood Agent
 The toxicity is caused by the cyanide ion.
 Fire extinguishers spray sodium carbonate to
decontaminate blood agent hydrogen
cyanide.
ANTIDOTE: sodium nitrite and sodium
thiosulphate.
Side Effects:
 Headache,
 Dizziness,
 Shortness of breath,
 Vomiting.

19. Cyanogen Chloride 19
Kind : Blood agent
 Colorless gas,
 Highly toxic blood agent.
Side effects:
 Sore throat,
 Coughing,
 Vomiting,
 Loss of consciousness
 Paralysis.
Cyanogen Chloride

20. Arsine 20
 Colorless and flammable toxic gas.
 Arsine is formed when arsenic comes in contact
with an acid.
 Symptoms are likely to occur within the first 24
hours after exposure.
 After arsine enters the bloodstream, it damages the
red blood cells and causes hemolytic anemia as a
direct result of this damage.
 Antidote: There is no antidote for arsine.
Arsine

21. References 21
•CBWInfo.com (2001). A Brief History of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Ancient Times
to the 19th Century. Retrieved November 24, 2004.
•Chomsky, Noam (March 4, 2001). Prospects for Peace in the Middle East, page 2. Lecture.
•Cordette, Jessica, MPH(c) (2003). Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction. Retrieved
November 29, 2004.
•Croddy, Eric (2001), Chemical and Biological Warfare, Copernicus, ISBN 978-0-387-95076-
1
•Smart, Jeffery K., M.A. (1997). History of Biological and Chemical Warfare. Retrieved
November 24, 2004.
•United States Senate, 103d Congress, 2d Session. (May 25, 1994). The Riegle Report.
Retrieved November 6, 2004.
•Gerard J Fitzgerald. American Journal of Public Health. Washington: Apr 2008. Vol. 98, Iss.
4; p. 611

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Thank you….