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1. THE SOLAR SYSTEM

2. INTRODUCTION
☼ The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit
it.
☼ It was formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar
molecular cloud.
☼ Over time, the cloud formed the Sun and a protoplanetary disk that gradually coalesced to
form planets and other objects.
☼ The following planets are the part of Solar Family:
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Neptune Uranus

3. Formation And Evolution
 The Solar System was formed 4.568 billion years ago from the gravitational
collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud.
 This initial cloud was likely several light-years across and probably birthed several
stars.
 The cloud was mainly composed of Hydrogen, Helium, and small amounts of
heavier elements fused by previous generations of stars.
 As the region that would become the Solar System, known as the Pre-solar Nebula,
collapsed, conservation of angular momentum caused it to rotate faster. The center,
where most of the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the surrounding
disc.
 As the contracting nebula rotated faster, it began to flatten into a protoplanetary disc
and a hot, dense protostar at the center.
 The planets formed by accretion from this disc, in which dust and gas gravitationally

4. T
H
E
S
U
N
F
A
M
I
L
Y

5.  The Sun is the Solar System's star and by far
its most massive component. Its large mass
(332,900 Earth masses) and comprises of
99.86% of all the mass in the Solar System.
 The Sun is a population I star; it has a higher
abundance of elements heavier than
hydrogen and helium ("metals" in
astronomical parlance) than the older
population II stars.
 The Sun is composed of roughly 98%
Hydrogen and Helium.
 It emits harmful Ultraviolet Rays (UV).
The Sun

6. M E R C U R Y
 Mercury is the first planet from the Sun and the
smallest in the Solar System.
 It is a terrestrial planet with a heavily cratered
surface due to overlapping impact events.
 Distance from Sun: 58 million km
 Orbital period: 88 days
 Length of day: 59d 0h 0m
 Radius: 2,439.7 km
 Mass: 3.285 × 1023 kg (0.055 M⊕)
 Gravity: 3.7 m/s²
 Surface area: 74.8 million km²

7. V E N U S
 Venus is the 2nd planet from the Sun.
 It is a rocky planet with the densest atmosphere of
all the rocky bodies in the Solar System.
 Length of day: 243d 0h 0m
 Orbital period: 225 days
 Gravity: 8.87 m/s²
 Radius: 6,051.8 km
 Distance from Sun: 108.2 million km
 Mass: 4.867 × 1024 kg (0.815 M⊕)
 Surface area: 460.2 million km²

8. E A R T H
 Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun and the only
astronomical object known to harbor life.
 This is enabled as it is a water planet, almost all of
Earth's water is contained in global ocean,
covering 70.8% of Earth's crust.
 Length of day: 24 hrs
 Orbital period: 365 ½ days
 Gravity: 9.8 m/s2
 Radius: 6,371 km
 Distance from Sun: 149.6 million km
 Mass: 5.972 × 1024 kg
 Surface area: 510.1 million km²
 Natural Satellite: The Moon

9. M A R S
 Mars is the 4th planet and the furthest terrestrial
planet from the Sun.
 The reddish color of its surface is due to finely
grained Iron(III) Oxide dust in the soil, giving it
the nickname "Red Planet".
 Distance from Sun: 227.9 million km
 Orbital period: 687 days
 Length of day: 1d 0h 37m
 Radius: 3,389.5 km
 Mass: 6.39 × 1023 kg
 Gravity: 3.71 m/s²
 Surface area:144.4 million km²

10. J U P I T E R
 Jupiter is the 5th planet and the largest in the
Solar System.
 It is a Gas Giant with mass more than 2 ½ the
other planets combined, and slightly less than
one 1/1000 the mass of the Sun.
 Distance from Sun: 778.5 million km
 Orbital period: about 12 Earth years
 Length of day: 0d 9h 56m
 Radius: 69,911 km
 Mass: 1.898 × 1027 kg
 Gravity: 24.79 m/s²
 Surface area: 61.42 billion km²

11.  Saturn is the 6th planet and the 2nd largest in the
Solar System, after Jupiter.
 It is a gas giant with an average radius of about
nine-and-a-half times that of Earth.
 Distance from Sun: 1.434 billion km
 Orbital period: 29.4475 years
 Length of day: 0d 10h 34m
 Radius: 58,232 km
 Mass: 5.6834 × 1026 kg
 Gravity: 10.44 m/s²
 Surface area: 4.27×1010 km²
S A T U R N

12. U R A N U S
 Uranus is the 7th planet from the Sun.
 It is a gaseous cyan-coloured ice giant.
 Distance from Sun: 2.871 billion km
 Orbital period: 84.0205 yr
 Length of day: 0d 17h 14m
 Radius: 25,362 km
 Mass: (8.6810 ± 0.0013)×1025 kg
 Gravity: 8.87 m/s²
 Surface area: 8.1156×109 km²

13. N E P T U N E
 Neptune is the 8th and farthest planet from the Sun.
It is the 4th largest planet in the Solar System by
diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the
densest giant planet.
 Length of day: 0d 16h 6m
 Distance from Sun: 4.495 billion km
 Gravity: 11.15 m/s²
 Radius: 24,622 km
 Distance from Sun: 4.4726 billion km
 Mass: 1.02413×1026 kg
 Surface area: 7.6187×109 km2