How Not To Hurt Part 2: Teaching Trainers About Vicarious Trauma and Advanced Self-Care Tools for Interpreters

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Welcome!
Guest Trainer:
Ludmila Golovine

VICARIOU
S
TRAUMA:
ADVANCED
TOOLS FOR
INTERPRETE
RS
By Ludmila Golovine

Information contained in these slides is confidential and proprietary to MasterWord Services, Inc.
Commonly identified causes of vicarious trauma and job-related stress in language professionals:
UNIQUE TRIGGERS OF
VICARIOUS TRAUMA IN
INTERPRETERS
Linguistic
&
paralingui
stic
aspects
Cultural,
moral &
ethical
mediation
Confidenti
ality vs.
need to
debrief
Isolation &
lack of
supervisio
n
Utilitarian
view of
interpreter
role

SHORT-TERM AND LONG-
TERM EFFECTS
100% of people exposed to trauma will be
affected by it.
60 – 70% will get better/return to normal with
minimal or no intervention.
What about the other 40-30%?

•  Biological, psychological, and social exhaustion and dysfunction
•  Feeling like “I have nothing left to give”
A cumulative combined effect of Burnout and Vicarious Trauma:
COMPASSION
FATIGUE
Burnout
+
Vicarious Trauma
Compassion Fatigue
Sources:
Compassion Fatigue among Healthcare, Emergency and Community Service Workers: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 2016.
Stamm, B, PhD. The Concise Manual for the Professional Quality of Life Scale. 2010.

Three clusters of experience:
•  Intrusive thoughts or images
•  Avoidance
•  Hyperarousal
Secondary Traumatic Stress Symptoms:
WHAT DOES IT
LOOK LIKE?
Source: Sean Fitzpatrick, Vicarious Trauma: The Ethics of Selfcare, 07/30/18
•  Fatigue or illness
•  Social withdrawal
•  Reduced productivity
•  Nightmares
•  Anxiety
•  Excess vigilance
•  Feelings of hopelessness and despair
•  Having unwanted thoughts or images of traumatic events
•  Feelings of re-experiencing the event
•  Avoidance of people or activities
•  Persistent anger or sadness

HOW DO WE PROCESS
INFORMATION?
We filter information differently using:
•  Deletion
•  Distortion
•  Generalization
Based on:
•  Meta programs
(unconscious filters)
•  Values
•  Beliefs
•  Attitudes
•  Memories
•  Past decisions
Source: Diversity Wheel – Adapted from: Gardenswartz, Lee, and Anita Rowe. Diverse Teams at Work: Capitalizing on the Power of Diversity. Chicago: Irwin Professional Pub., 1994. Print.

HOW DO WE PROCESS
INFORMATION?
Your
FILTERING
of 126 bits
of information
=
Your
FOCUS=>
Drives your
BEHAVIOR=>
Creates your
RESULTS
Source: “The NLP Master Practitioner Training” by Kaya Redford, 2014

•  We create what we observe
•  We observe with our minds
•  Observations are measurements
•  Measurements transform nothing into something
•  We make measurements through our language
Language influences every part of our internal representations and affects
our behaviors and our perceptions of the world.
HOW DO WE
CONSTRUCT REALITY ?
Source: “The NLP Master Practitioner Training” by Kaya Redford, 2014

•  Building semantic bridges
•  Channeling trauma
•  Behavioral decisions
•  Interpreter impartiality
•  Interpreters as “tools”
ADDITIONAL
CHALLENGES FOR
INTERPRETERS

BEFORE | DURING |
AFTER
the session?
What do we do
14

Be prepared
•  Know where you are going
•  Pen/paper for note taking
•  Clear up any questions/instructions
•  Dress code / protective equipment (PPE)
Be on time (or early)
“5 Minutes Early Is On Time; On Time Is Late; Late Is Unacceptable”
Eliminate distractions
•  Silence and put away your phone
BEFORE:
MINIMIZE TASK
RELATED STRESS

Essential tool to:
•  Clarify roles
•  Understand the
context
•  Define purpose
•  Discuss strategy with the provider
•  Set the tone for the session
*Source: Doherty et al (2010). How does it feel for you? The emotional impact and specific challenges of
mental health interpreting. Mental Health Review Journal, 15(3), 31-44.
of interpreters report not being briefed
prior to sessions as particularly difficult*
78%
BEFORE:
PRE-SESSION
BRIEFING

Develop a ritual
•  (ex, hand washing)
Remember the big WHY
•  Why did you choose to become an interpreter in the first place?
•  The big picture of what everybody is here to accomplish and your role in it
Mental grounding
•  “I am not my emotions”
•  Remember a safe place / Elicit a “safe and secure state”
Remember:
•  To only focus on the task at hand
•  Importance of clear boundaries*
•  Remind yourself of the 5 steps (described below)
*Source: Effects of Client Trauma on Interpreters:
An Exploratory Study of Vicarious Trauma, Mailee Lor, St. Catherine University
BEFORE:
GET IN THE
ZONE

BEFORE | DURING |
AFTER
5 Steps for interpreters by interpreters
18

Sometimes we find ourselves feeling overwhelmed or overcome by feelings. This can affect how we perform. Ignoring our emotions will not help
us mitigate their impact. To begin to diffuse a negative emotion, the first step is to take a moment to recognize what we are feeling and give it a
name.
Fully state in the first person:
“I feel sad”, “I am angry”, “I am scared” etc.
“Simply recognizing and naming an emotion quells its effect, making thoughtful management of subsequent behavior more likely.”
(Source: “When Labeling an Emotion Quiets it” – Tom Valeo, 2013)
DURING - STEP 1:
RECOGNIZE AND NAME
THE EMOTION

WHEEL OF
EMOTIONS
Source: Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions. By Machine Elf 1735 - Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org
Naming emotions is key to
stress reduction

“Until you make the
unconscious conscious,
it will direct your life and
you will call it fate.”
~Carl Jung

90% of our behaviors, thoughts and beliefs are
unconscious.
The characteristics of the Unconscious Mind are that of a
5-year-old child:
•  Simplicity
•  Innocence wanting to please
•  Needing clear instruction
WHAT IS THE
UNCONSCIOUS MIND?

People think that they live consciously.10%
Source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/unconscious-mind.html
Source: http://www.mindtrainingsystems.co.uk/content/your-unconscious-mind

•  Runs the body
•  Maintains instincts & generates habits
•  Stores & organizes memories
•  Makes associations (links similar things and ideas)
•  Controls & maintains all perceptions
•  Is symbolic
•  Takes everything personally (the basis of perception is projection)
•  Does not process negatives (“Do NOT color on the wall”… will only
process “Color on the wall”… )
Source : http://www.nlpinfo.com/prime-directives-of-the-unconscious-mind/
DIRECTIVES OF
THE
UNCONSCIOUS
MIND

HOW DOES THE
UNCONSCIOUS MIND
REACT TO STRESS?
An individual will revert to a point in their development when
they felt safer and when stress was nonexistent, or when an all-
powerful parent or another adult would have rescued them.
Source: Freud S, Strachey J. New York, NY: Norton; 1977. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis

DURING -
STEP 2:
CHANGE
FOCUS
Shift your focus from the epicenter of stress using one of these techniques:
•  Taking notes
•  Physical grounding
•  Rubbing your hands, legs or arms
•  “I am here in my body”
•  Focus on moving the big toe
•  Move your feet

By seeing a bigger picture that involves not only our own reaction or perception of reality but that of
others involved and even the perspective of a neutral or objective observer, we gain clarity.
DURING - STEP 3:
DISTANCE YOURSELF
FROM THE EMOTION
1st Position - Own Reality
You are fully associated into the problem or
situation
2nd Position
You are now one step
removed from the situation
3rd Position
You are now two step
Source: Neuro Linguistic Programing

REFRAMING OUR
PERCEPTION

What
exactly?
What?
Chunking in NLP is changing a perception by moving a “chunk”,
or a group of bits of information, in the direction of a deductive or
inductive conclusion through the use of language. It allows you to
change your perception of the situation by going up and down a
logical level.
o  In NLP, 'chunking up' refers to moving to more general or
abstract pieces of information
o  While 'chunking down' means moving to more specific or
detailed information
CHUNKING UP AND DOWN TO
REFRAME OUR PERCEPTION
For what purpose?
Source: Neuro Linguistic Programing

We can move ourselves to 1st position by fully associating with a situation/emotion, or we can take a step back and move to 3rd position to assess the encounter or
scenario that caused us to feel this emotion.
By seeing a bigger picture we gain clarity.
By remembering every detail of the situation, we can again experience the emotional state we once had in that situation.
MOVE YOURSELF TO /
FROM THE EMOTION
1st Position
Own Reality, Emotion
You are fully associated into the problem or
situation
2nd Position
You are now one step
3rd Position
Clarity, Wisdom
You are now two step
(Source: Neuro Linguistic Programing)

“Remember a safe place ….”
1.  Remember a time when you felt … Safe and secure
2.  Put yourself in 1st position. Make it your own reality again
3.  Go to that specific moment in time and that specific memory, and fully associate with that state by engaging all
the 5 senses:
a)  Visual – what did it look like?
b)  Auditory – what did it sound like
c)  Kinesthetic – what did it feel like ?
d)  Olfactory - what did it smell like? (if applicable)
e)  Gustatory – what did it taste like? (if applicable)
4.  Stay fully associated with the state like you are back in time and back in that moment and you feel that you are
“safe and secure” –
5.  Anchor the state – by pressing on your knuckle for 5 seconds
6.  Repeat the steps 3 times using a different memory of the desired state each time.
7.  Use the anchor in the future to quickly elicit the same state when you need it before or during the assignment.
You can use this to help get yourself out of feeling a certain emotion and bring yourself to a “safe place”.
HOW TO ELICIT AND
KEEP A STATE
Source : https://jevondangeli.com/how-to-anchor-resourceful-states/

DURING -
STEP 4:
Think of re-setting and hitting “refresh” on your thoughts.
Move forward deliberately and thoughtfully while leaving the emotion and associated stress
behind.
Discreet and Invisible Tools
•  Take deep breaths
•  Stand straight
•  Look up
•  Mental grounding: “I am not my emotions”
•  Reset and refocus: come back to neutral
RES
ET

Dion, L. (2018)
The journal Frontiers in Psychology reported that conscious breathing causes vagus nerve
stimulation. Inhaling deeply and then exhaling slowly helps to slow down the heart rate
and lower blood pressure. (21)
“Regulation of the nervous system occurs when we
become consciously aware of ourselves and our ventral
vagal nerve is activated.”
CONSCIOUS
BREATHING

The 5-4-3-2-1
Technique
DURING:
SELF-
REGULATE
1 - TASTE:
1 thing
you can taste
5 - LOOK:
5 things
you can see
4 - FEEL:
4 things
you can feel
3 - LISTEN:
3 sounds
you can hear
2 - SMELL:
2 things
you can smell

Where are you?
Research shows that:
•  46.9% of the time our mind is somewhere
else
•  Focus only on the task at hand
•  Be in the here and now
(Source: "A Wandering Mind is an Unhappy Mind." Matthew Killingsworth and Daniel Gilbert,
Harvard University, 2011)
STEP 5:
BE
PRESEN
T

the session?
What do we doBEFORE | DURING |
AFTER
34

Tap into potential sources of support in your professional network.
Avoid professional isolation!
Debrief Partners:
Are not there to make you feel better, they LISTEN.
A Debrief Partner does not:
•  Say “I understand...”
•  Claim to relate
•  Offer advice
Just listen…
AFTER:
HAVE A DEBRIEF
PARTNER

EMPATHY VS.
SYMPATHY
perception,
understanding,
and reaction to
the distress or
need of another
being
ability to walk in
the other person’s
shoes without
taking yours off
They are often confused.
Both deal with the
relationship a person has
to the feelings and
experiences of another.
Sympathy Empathy

You may be afraid to say NO to the next
assignment because :
•  You don’t want to lose the deal
•  You don’t want to damage the relationship
•  You are afraid you will lose your job
•  You feel guilty
Learn more at: http://www.williamury.com/books/the-power-of-a-positive-no/
AFTER:
THE POWER OF A
POSITIVE NO

AFTER:
A POSITIVE NO IS A
YES! NO. YES?
YES! expresses your interests
NO asserts your power/position
YES? furthers your relationship
A Positive No thus balances power and relationship in
the service of your interests
(Source: “The Power Of A Positive No – Save The Deal, Save The Relationship – And Still Say No” William Ury)

Stop what you’re doing and take a break. Focus on your breathing for a few minutes.
Whenever you wash your hands, use this time to clear your mind as well. As you focus on lathering and rinsing soap off your hands, take slow
breaths and imagine that you are also cleansing your mind.
Stretch your arms upward. As you lengthen your back, breathe deeply through your nose into your belly and back out through your nose. Lower
your arms, place them on your lap, and take a few deep, calm breaths.
When you’re in the car and pull up to a stoplight, take the opportunity to connect to yourself; ignore your phone, turn off the radio, and pause to
breathe in peace and release your anxious thoughts.
Source: Dr. Alejandro Chaoul, PhD, Director, Mind Body Spirit Institute
MEDITATION
PILLS

•  Increases in gray matter in the hippocampus
•  Decreases of gray matter in the amygdala
•  Activates the prefrontal cortex (PFC)
•  Default Mode Network increased connections with the Executive Network
(associated with the purposeful shifting of attention)
•  Reduces stress hormones
•  Activates the parasympathetic nervous system
•  Calms the sympathetic nervous system
•  Reduces need for psychotropic medications to control symptoms of PTSD
BENEFITS OF
MEDITATION
Sources:
•  https://www.mindful.org/the-science-of-trauma-mindfulness-ptsd/
•  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201601/meditation-reduces-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-symptoms
•  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004979/

“Emotional reactions in response to ongoing challenges,
stressors, or demands in one’s life.”
The source of our perceptions of and response to stress is rooted deeply in our inner ecology and biology and relates to earlier predator and prey
dynamics.
WHAT IS
STRESS?
PREY
We fear the loss of something we require for sustenance
PREDATOR
We feel fear of the gain of something that will interfere with or
jeopardies our survival
OR
Source: Demartini, John (2009). From Stress to Success...in Just 31 Days!

This is the nature of the predator-prey food chain within all living ecosystems,
including our own.
“We maximally grow and develop at the border of
support and challenge.”
We must have a balance of both Predator and Prey in order to continue to grow,
adapt and maximally evolve as a species. Therefore we require both support
and challenge in order to adapt to our ever transforming environment.
WHAT IT
STRESS?

There are two types of stress:
EUSTRESS VS.
DISTRESS
EUSTRESS
Something you want
involves embracing both the supportive and challenging events equally and
simultaneously
ensures maximal growth and development
DISTRESS
Something you don’t want
involves perceiving challenging events without equally and simultaneous
supportive events.
erodes productivity and initiates apparent chaos in any one or more areas
of life.

PRESSURE
PREFORMANCE
EXHAUSTI
ON
ANXIET
Y
PANIC
ANGER
FOCUS AT
WORK
MOTIVATION
CREATIVITY
HEALTHY
TENSION
BOREDO
M
HEALT
H
DISTRE
SS
PEA
K
UNDERLO
AD
EUSTRESS OVERLOA
D
BURN OUT
EUSTRESS VS.
DISTRESS

“Stress is actually a feedback mechanism
to help us to be more authentic,
productive and inspired or more
balanced or poised with our
perceptions.”
~Dr. John Demartini
Simon Sinek. Photo courtesy: hebron.co.nz
STRESS - IT’S ALL ABOUT HOW
YOU PERCEIVE IT!

NEUTRALIZING
EMOTIONAL CHARGES
An emotional charge occurs when something has
happened where
we see:
MORE BENEFIT THAN
DRAWBACK
OR
MORE CHALLENGE THAN
SUPPORT

NEUTRALIZING
EMOTIONAL CHARGES

NEUTRALIZING
EMOTIONAL CHARGES
What are
the benefits?
There are truly equal benefits to every situation and action.
What are
the drawbacks?

NEUTRALIZING
EMOTIONAL CHARGES
Physical Health
Strong - Pleasure - Elated
Physical Disease
Weak - Pain - Depressed
Your fear/guilt of physical health or disease can detour you from your purpose. Dissolving or neutralizing the chargers of this fear/guilt can leave you in a higher state of courage and allow you to act
more on purpose and with less reaction.
Pro + Con ˗ Pro + Con ˗
1
2
3
HEALTHY SICK
FEELING GREAT PRESSURE TO DELIVER CAN REST FEELING SICK
Source: Demartini, John

NEUTRALIZING
EMOTIONAL CHARGES
Being Liked – Peace – Same
Praise – Acceptance - Honor
Being Disliked – War – Different
Reprimand – Rejection - Dishonor
Your fear/guilt of social acceptance or rejection can detour you from your purpose. Dissolving or neutralizing the chargers of this fear/guilt can leave you in a higher state of courage and allow you to act
more on purpose and with less reaction.
Pro + Con ˗ Pro + Con ˗
1
2
3
BEING LIKED BEING DISLIKED
POPULAR INTERNAL PRESSURE NO EXPECTATION REJECTION
Source: Demartini, John

Negative emotions build up on the unconscious level and then the
unconscious mind tightens up the body and creates body aches and
pains.
This is actually feedback to make us aware of unresolved negative
emotions.
When the person states what they feel the aches and pains go away
too.
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS AND
BODY TENSION

1.  While sitting, standing or laying down
2.  Exhale fully
3.  Contract ALL your muscles as if tensing every cell and molecule in your body.
4.  Tighten, tighten, tighten and tighten some more and hold
5.  After holding yourself completely tight for at least 20 seconds, suddenly let go of this
contraction and feel how all your tension has just been relieved. LET IT ALL GO.
6.  Repeat at least twice daily
You may do it during any private moment during the day or at night
MUSCLE
CONTRACTING
EXERCISE

You will never speak to anyone more than you speak to yourself in
your head.
Be kind to yourself.
SELF-
TALK

1.  Close your eyes
2.  Fully associate with a problem or a negative experience
3.  Acknowledge it
4.  Realize it is human and others are going through challenges too
5.  Embrace/hug yourself with love and care
6.  Imagine if your best friend was going through the same, what would you tell him
or her?
7.  Use the same language as with your best friend to talk to yourself
8.  Come back and open your eyes
TAKE A SELF-
COMPASSION BREAK
Source: http://self-compassion.org/

“Gratitude is the key to wellness, growth and fulfillment. Any person who works with a
state of gratitude will bring greater wellness to anyone they come in contact with.”
Source: Dr. John Demartini (www.drdemartini.com)
Take a moment to:
1.  Write down 5 things you are grateful for
2.  Write a positive message or a “Thank you” note to a friend, a family member, or a
coworker
3.  Write down the best thing that happened to you in the last 24 hours
4.  Smile – a smile can be contagious if it comes from the heart. Giving a gift of smile
to another person is one of the best things you can do for yourself and for others
5.  Meditate for 5 minutes
TAKE A GRATEFULNESS
MOMENT EVERY DAY

1.  Lie face up in bed, relax your facial muscles; release frown and forehead. Release
eye sockets
2.  Drop your shoulders as low as possible. Focus on one arm, relax your upper and
lower muscles. Repeat on the other arm. Proceed with relaxing your hands and
then fingers.
3.  Breathe out and relax your chest. Fill your lungs up with air.
4.  Relax your legs: thighs first, then calves, then ankles, and feet.
5.  Think of images to relax and fall asleep faster:
•  Imagine yourself lying in a canoe in a calm lake with nothing but a clear blue sky
•  Imagine you are snuggled up in a black velvet hammock in a pitch-black room
HOW TO QUICKLY
FALL ASLEEP
Tips:
•  Less caffeine intake
•  Remove distractions
•  Head to bed with your first sign of
tiredness
•  Don’t go to bed if you are not tired
•  Avoid activities that are too
engaging or stressful
Source: “Relax and Win: Championship Performance”, Lloyd Bud Winter, 1981

•  Eat wisely, moderately, particularly light at night
•  Make water your main drink
•  Reduce your four addictions: coffee, sugar, alcohol, and
cigarettes
•  Get enough sleep every night
•  Make it a point to hug someone special, or give yourself a hug
at the end of the day
•  Unclutter both your personal space and your work space
•  Massage your head daily
•  Make a hot bath part of your bedtime routine
•  Before going to sleep every night, forgive everyone, and sleep
with a clean heart
DAILY HABITS FOR
STRESS REDUCTION

Awareness of own needs, limits,
emotions and resources
Balance of work and play, taking
care of others and taking care of
yourself
Connections to oneself, others and
to something larger
ABCs OF
SELF-CARE
© jackson5abc.com

OVERVIEW OF HEALTHY
COPING STRATEGIESCognitive
•  Write things down
•  Review previous successes
•  Reframe your perceptions
Behavioral
•  Do activities that you enjoy
•  Take a self compassion break
•  Take a gratefulness moment
Physical
•  Do Muscle contracting exercise
•  Engage in aerobic exercise
•  Take mini-breaks
•  Follow daily habits for stress reduction
Emotional
•  Name the emotion
•  Give yourself permission to ask for help
•  Neutralize emotional charges
Spiritual
•  Practice meditation and/or prayer
•  Find spiritual support
Interpersonal
•  Talk with a debrief partner
•  Take time to enjoy the company of trusted friend(s)
•  Give a hug
•  Share a smile
(Source: Compassion Fatigue Educator (CFE) Certification. Figley Institute, 2012)

“Excellent self-care and excellent service are
inextricably linked.
Take care of yourself, so you can take care of
business.”
~Julie Alexander,
Core Health Partners, PLL

www.masterword.com/wellness-connection
Tools
Resources
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Events

www.masterword.com/vicarious-trauma/download

Ludmila “Mila” Golovine
mgolovine@masterword.com
www.masterword.com
www.masterword.com/wellness-connection
CONTACT
INFORMATION

•  American Counseling Association (2011). Vicarious Trauma. Fact Sheet #9. Available at:
https://www.counseling.org/docs/trauma-disaster/fact-sheet-9---vicarious-trauma.pdf?sfvrsn=2
•  Baillot, H., Cowan, S. & Munro, V.E. (2013). Second-hand emotion? Exploring the contagion and impact of trauma and
distress in the asylum law context. Journal of Law and Society, 40(4), 509-540. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6478.2013.00639.
•  Bergland, Christopher. “Psychology Today.” Psychology Today (blog), January 13, 2016.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201601/meditation-reduces-post-traumatic-stress-
disorder-symptoms
•  “Compassion Fatigue among Healthcare, Emergency and Community Service Workers: A Systematic
Review. .” International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 2016.
•  Darroch, E., Dempsey, R. (2016). “Interpreters’ Experiences of Transferential Dynamics, Vicarious Traumatisation, and
Their Need for Support and Supervision: A Systematic Literature Review”, The European Journal of Counselling
Psychology, 2016, Vol. 4(2), 166–190. Available at: https://ejcop.psychopen.eu/article/view/76/html
•  de Bruin, E. & Brugmans, P. (2006). The psychotherapist and the sign language interpreter. Journal of Deaf Studies and
Deaf Education, 11(3), 360-368. doi:10.1093/deafed/enj034. Available at:
https://academic.oup.com/jdsde/article/11/3/360/2530033
•  Chaoul, Alejandro. “Vicarious Trauma” Lecture, sponsored by MasterWord Service Inc. & M.D Anderson, 01/25/16.
•  Dangeli, Jevon. “How to ANCHOR Resourceful States.” How to ANCHOR Resourceful States (blog). Authentic Self
Empowerment, n.d. https://jevondangeli.com/how-to-anchor-resourceful-states/
•  Dean, R. K. & Pollard, R. Q., Jr. (2001). Application of demand-control theory to sign language interpreting: Implications
for stress and interpreter training. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 6, 1-14. doi:10.1093/deafed/6.1.1.
Available at:
http://paperity.org/p/39680780/application-of-demand-control-theory-to-sign-language-interpreting-implications-for
•  Dean, R. K. & Pollard, R. Q., Jr. (2005). Consumers and Service Effectiveness in Interpreting Work: A Practice Profession
Perspective. 10.1093/acprof/9780195176940.003.0011. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
232581309_Consumers_and_Service_Effectiveness_in_Interpreting_Work_A_Practice_Profession_Perspective
•  Demartini, John (2009). From Stress to Success...in Just 31 Days! Hay House Inc. Available at:
https://www.amazon.com/Stress-Success-Just-31-Days/dp/1401922996
•  Dion, Lisa. Aggression in Play Therapy: a Neurobiological Approach for Integrating Intensity. New York: W.W. Norton &
Company, 2018.
•  Doherty, S. M., MacIntyre, A. M. & Wyne, T. (2010). How does it feel for you? The emotional impact and specific
challenges of mental health interpreting. Mental Health Review Journal, 15(3), 31-44. doi:10.5042/mhrj.2010.0657.
Abstract available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.5042/mhrj.2010.0657
•  Dysart-Gale, D. (2005). Communication models, professionalization, and the work of medical interpreters. Health
Communication, 17(1), 91-103. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc1701_6. Abstract available at:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15327027hc1701_6?needAccess=true
•  Fitzpatric, Sean. “Vicarious Trauma: The Ethics of Selfcare.” Lecture, sponsored by MasterWord Service Inc., The Jung
Center, & Mind, Body, Spirit Institute, 07/31/18.
•  Freud S, Strachey J. New York, NY: Norton; 1977. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
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