The document discusses different types of cameras and their components. It covers analogue cameras that use celluloid film, as well as digital cameras that use image sensors and memory cards. It describes Single-Lens Reflex cameras which use a mirror system, as well as other camera types like rangefinder cameras, Lomo cameras, and large format view cameras. The document also discusses factors that affect image quality like sensor size and resolution. It provides guidance on choosing film types based on ISO speed and lighting conditions.

1. PHOTOGRAPHY
AND ITS
APPLICATIONS

2. CAMERA
Types and Characteristics
(Jenis-jenis dan Ciri-ciri)

4. Categories of Camera
Light Catcher Sensor Medium
(Medium Penangkap Cahaya)

5. Analogue Camera(
Kamera Analog (Filem)

6. CELLULOID FILM
• Using celluloid film as a Light Catcher Medium and also
Storage Medium
• Type of Film depending on measurement
a. Small format (35mm)
b. Medium format (100-120mm)
c. Large format
• Format 35mm most popular (a.k.a. Film 135)
Analogue Came
Kamera Analog (Filem)

7. THE PRINT (PHOTO PAPER)
Darkrooms: Creating Images with Chemistry
• Films that have been exposed go through a process called
“developing”.
• Developing film-dropping off rolls of 35mm film, and getting
back prints and negatives.
Analogue
Kamera Analog (Filem)

8. Instant Camera (Polaroid)
Kamera Segera (Polaroid)

9. • Generates a developed film image (a.k.a. self-developing
film) by Polaroid Corporation.
• American scientist Edwin Land, who unveiled the first
commercial instant camera, the Land Camera, in 1948,
Camera and portable darkroom in a single compartment,
Invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock.
• Using Zink Photo Paper as a Light Catcher Medium and
also Storage Medium. It is cheap and suitable those who
like to collect picture.
Instant Camera (Polaroid)

10. Digital Camera (Memory Card)
Kamera Digital (Filem)

11. Using Image-sensor atau Picture Sensor as a Light Catcher
Medium and Memory Card also Storage Medium
Digital Camera (Memory Card)
Kamera Digital (Filem)

12. • Pixels = Picture elements
• Resolution: number of pixels captured by
the image sensor.
Higher Resolution Image
300 ppi
Lower Resolution Image
Pixels 72 ppi

13. • SLR/DSLR
• Viewfinder/Rangefinder Camera
• Lomo Camera
• Mirrorless Camera
• Twin Lens Reflex Camera
• Digital Compact Camera
• View Camera
Types of Camera
Jenis-jenis Kamera Utama

14. DSLR/SLR CAMERA
Single-lens Reflex Camera - Profesional Type Camera
(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)

15. • SLR –Single Lens Reflect
• Light directed through a hinged
mirror/viewfinder (pembidik)
• DSLR – Digital SLR
• Interchangeable lenses
• Greater depth of field
• Accurate composition
• Better image quality
• lens + CCD or CMOS (Light
Sensor)
Profesional
• Designed for professionals and
advanced amateurs.
• Often based on a SLR design & feature
resolutions between 8 and 12 million
pixels (or more).
• One huge advantage ‐ most of the
features (such as exposure controls)
and accessories (such as lenses)
designed for the film versions also
work with the digital versions
DSLR/SLR CAMERA
Single-lens Reflex Camera
(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)

17. A cross-section (or 'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLR
camera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly (1), is
reflected by the mirror (2) placed at a 45-degree angle, and is projected on
the matte focusing screen (5). Via a condensing lens (6) and internal
reflections in the roof pentaprism (7) the image appears in the eyepiece
(viewfinder) (8). When an image is taken, the mirror (2) moves upwards
from its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane
shutter (3) opens, and the image is projected onto the film or sensor (4) in
exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.
Kamera pantulan lensa tunggal yang mempunyai sebuah
cermin yang memantulkan cahaya yang diperoleh
daripada lensa dan melalui pentaprisma (No.7) dan imej
dapat dilihat melalui viewfinder (No.8). Semasa merakam,
cermin (No.2) akan terangkat dan mendedahkan sensor
(No.4) dan merakam imej yang diperoleh daripada lensa.
DSLR/SLR Mechanism

18. Universal standard or 35 mm:
The sensor’s size is 24×36 mm (when is
Full Frame). This is the most used by
photojournalists, photographers of nature,
weddings and many advanced amateurs, due
to its combination of acceptable weight and
price with high quality and versatility.
Moreover, among the DSLRr we have all the
formats described in the section “The Sensor”,
with virtually the same characteristics but
with different sizes for the sensor, which
enhances the final quality of the file, as
the quality increases when the size is bigger.

19. Medium Format
The sensor (or film) measures are
6×4.5 cm or up to 6×7 cm. This kind
of camera is widely and mostly used
in fashion and advertisement
photography, and for portraits. These
cameras are a little bit heavy, but
their quality makes up for it, albeit their
prices don’t help much to make them
popular

20. VIEWFINDER TECHNOLOGY

21. Viewfinder Camera

22. Rangefinder/Boutique Camera
Kamera Penjulat/Butik

23. • These are called "rangefinder" cameras because
they focus using a dual-image range finding device.
You turn a ring, and when two superimposed
images line up, you're in perfect focus.
• Leica M9 is the most prestige rangefinder camera
that be used by the street photographer.
• Price: RM25K (Body) dan RM50K (lens 50mm f0.95)
Rangefinder Camera

24. The photograph is taken
through the main lens
however the view from
the lens and the
viewfinder is slightly
different, this difference
is called parallax error.

25. Lomo Camera
(Kamera Lomo)

26. • A Lomo Camera or lens usually gives photos high
contrast, twisted colors, and a noticeable vignette (a
shading of the outer edges of the picture).
• Kamera Lomo pula merupakan kamera filem yang direka
untuk memberi kesan khas seperti gambar di atas.
• Kesan2 khas ini memberi impak dramatik pada gambar
yang dirakam. kamera ini menggunakan filem dan perlu
dicuci di kedai gambar.
Lomo Camera
(Kamera Lomo)

27. Advantages of the viewfinder camera:
• Simple viewfinder cameras are cheap.
• There are fewer moving parts, so less chance of equipment failure.
• Higher light levels to the viewfinder.
• High-quality rangefinder cameras provide excellent focusing,
especially in low light.
• Quieter operation than SLR cameras.
Disadvantages of the viewfinder camera:
• Parallax error (unless compensated for).
• The viewfinder image may be quite small.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Viewfinder/Rangefinder

28. Samsung NX300
Mirrorless Camera
Kamera Tanpa Cermin

29. • Mirrorless cameras, as the name suggests, don't need a mirror. Instead, the light
passes through the lens and falls right onto the image sensor, as it does in point-and-
shoot and phone cameras.
• To preview the image before you press the shutter button, you look at a screen on
the back of the camera, or into a viewfinder with an electronic screen
• Kamera jenis ini pula merupakan kamera yang tidak menggunakan cermin
sebagaimana yang digunakan DSLR/SLR. jadi sensor terletak betul-betul di
belakang lensa dan kaedah elektronik shutter digunakan bagi menggantikan
kaedah mechanical shutter yang digunakan oleh DSLR.
• Kebanyakan kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang lebih kecil dan antara saiz
sensor yang terkenal ialah micro 4/3. Kamera jenis ini juga membolehkan kita
menukar lensa sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh DSLR.
Mirrorless Camera
Kamera Tanpa Cermin

30. SLR
TLR
Twin Lens Reflex Camera
(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Kembar)

31. • A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objective
lenses of the same focal length.
• One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lens
that takes the picture), while the other is used for the viewfinder system,
which is usually viewed from above at waist level.
• Kamera jenis ini pula mempunyai pantulan 2 lensa yang mana lensa
pertama bertindak sebagai "viewfinder" dan lensa yang kedua bertindak
sebagai perakam.
• kamera jenis ini masih menggunakan filem dan ia merupakan kamera yang
amat popular bagi penggemar kamera lama dan kamera filem.
Twin Lens Reflex Camera

32. Pocket-size/Point and Shoot/Consumer
Pro-consumer or Prosumer
Digital Compact Camera
SLR-Style Camera
Kamera Kompak Digital

33. Point and Shoot (Compact)
• “consumer” digital cameras.
• All‐in‐one with lens, flash, etc.
• Automatic. Ready to go. User
friendly.
• Small, compact and lightweight
• Usually don't provide you with a lot
of creative control.
Professional Consumer (Prosumer)
• Combination of professional and
consumer cameras.
• High‐quality built‐in zoom lens, high
quality sensor & settings.
• Interchangeable lenses.
• Quality without the hassle of lugging
other kit.
• Kamera kompak digital ini adalah kamera yang paling ringkas, mudah digunakan serta
dimiliki oleh kebanyakan orang biasa. ia mempunyai lensa yang kekal. terdapat jenis
lensa yang boleh di zoom atau ada juga yang mempunyai lensa fokus tunggal (fix focal
length).
• Biasanya kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang kecil dan kualiti gambarnya adalah
rendah berbanding dengan kamera jenis DSLR atau Mirror less yang mempunyai lensa
yang lebih besar. namun ia merupakan pilihan ramai orang kerana cukup untuk
digunakan untuk rakaman harian dan mode auto yang mesra pengguna.
Digital Compact Camera

34. VIEW CAMERA
Optical Bench /Large Format Camera

35. OPTICAL BENCH OR
LARGE FORMAT CAMERA
This kind of cameras is used mostly for
study portraits, advertising photography of
big size objects (for instance, cars) and
architecture photography. Its formats range
from 9×12 cm to 20×25 cm, usually are
very heavy, big and cumbersome, but they
offer a superb quality. Apart from the
obvious quality, we have seen that a big
surface in the sensor we get better quality,
we have to take into consideration a highly
important factor: they can manipulate the
perspective according to the Scheimflug
Principle and the depth of field (keeping
on focus the objects both behind and ahead
of that focused on).

36. SLR CAMERA
Specialization and Handling
Pengkhususan dan Pengendalian
– Pn Hasnah

37. SLR Demonstration
A single-lens reflex camera (SLR)
typically uses a mirror and prism
system (hence "reflex", from the
mirror's reflection) that permits
the photographer to view
through the lens and see exactly
what will be captured (WYSWIG)
The camera has a viewfinder that
sees through the lens by way of a
45°-angled mirror that flips up
when the shutter fires and allows
the light to strike the image
sensor (or film).

39. How to Choose a Film
for Your Camera

40. The Negative (35mm Film )
135 is photographic film in a film format used for still photography. It
is a cartridge film with a film gauge of 35 mm, typically used for
hand-held photography in 35 mm film cameras.
The size of the 135 film frame has been adopted by many high-end
digital single lens reflex cameras, referred to as full frame digital
SLRs.

41. • Color negative film, also called print film, is what most people are
familiar with; the stuff you can still buy almost anywhere (and what non-specialists
will generally assume you want if you ask for "film"). The
image you see on a developed negative is orange-tinted, and the colors
are inverted. The process used to develop these is called C-41, and so
these are sometimes called "C-41 films".
Color negatives have their
colors inverted, and are
orange-tinted.

42. • Slide film, more properly called reversal film, gives
a positive image; in other words, when you look through it, it looks
like a photograph. Nearly all slide films today use the E-6 process,
which is a completely different process to that used for negative
films.
Slide films, typically
mounted in plastic or
cardboard mounts, give a
positive image that looks
just like your photograph.

43. • Traditional black-and-white films are usually negative films, but they're
black-and-white.
There's a special subset of black-and-white films: those that can be
developed in the same C-41 process used for color negatives. Ilford XP2
and Kodak BW400CN are two of them. These have all the properties of
color negatives, except for the color part, so most of what is written below
about the latter applies to these films as well.

44. Film Manufacturer

45. Types of ISO film for SLR
Camera

46. ISO numbers start from 100-200 (Base ISO) and increment in
value in geometric progression (power of two). So, the ISO
sequence is: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 and etc.
• A low ISO (100-400) rating means the film will be less sensitive to
light and therefore would be better to use in brighter conditions to
prevent over exposure.
• A high ISO rating (400-1600) means the film is far more sensitive to
light and therefore better suited to use in lower light conditions to
prevent under exposure.
Summary :
The "faster" the film, the more
sensitive it was.
The "slower" it was, the less
sensitive it was.

47. The difference is clear – the image on the right hand side at ISO 3200 has
a lot more noise in it, than the one on the left at ISO 200.
Comparison

48. ISO Film Description
Slow film speed
200 and Below
For bright lighting conditions
and outdoor photography
Recommendation
not be used for dimly lit areas
and fast-moving subjects.
Using tripod or has an extremely
steady hand
best used to photograph
outdoor landscapes, inanimate
objects, and outdoor events on
a bright day.

49. ISO Film Description
Medium film speed
400
all-purpose film that can be
used for most situations
Recommendation
best used to photograph
overcast outdoor images,
indoor portraits with natural
lighting, and when
photographing a combination of
indoor and outdoor images on
the same roll
not be used with fast motion
photography such as sporting
events, indoors without much
lighting, or in extremely bright
lighting

50. ISO Film Description
Fast film speed
800
ideal for sports and low light
photography without flash, and
extends the flash distance
compared to slower speeds.

51. How to Use Almost Any 35mm Film Camera
• Look for some basic controls on the camera.
• The shutter speed dial
• The aperture ring
• The ISO dial (marked as ASA)
• The mode dial
• The rewind release
• The rewind crank
• Change your battery if your camera has one.
• Load your film
• Rear-loading cameras
• Bottom-loading
• Set the film speed
PREPARATION

52. • Focus your shot.
• Auto-focus
• Manual-focus single-lens reflex cameras
• Manual-focus rangefinder cameras
• Viewfinder cameras
• Set your exposure.
• Fully automatic exposure cameras
• Fully-manual cameras
• Frame your shot and shoot
• Shoot till you hit the end of the roll.
• Get your film developed
• Check your film for exposure problems
• Stick another roll of film in and go shoot some more
SHOOTING

53. HANDLING AN SLR

55. EXPOSURE
Lens, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO
Dedahan – Lensa, Aperture, Kelajuan Shutter
----- En Amir

56. Exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on
the film/image sensor.
• Too much light creates an over‐bright
image with white spots
• Too little light creates an under‐bright
image with black spots
EXPOSURE

57. • Exposure also known as light exposure.
• Exposure to too high will cause the image
to be too bright (overexposure) while low
exposure cause the picture is dark
(underexposure).
EXPOSURE

58. Underexposure
(dark)
overexposure
(bright)
Balance
HOW TO CONTROL EXPOSURE

60. Exposure can be controlled
mainly through two lens settings:
Aperture…
… and
Shutter
Speed
… and also
ISO

61. Aperture
• How much light gets in
Shutter Speed
• How long light is let in
ISO
• Sensitivity of image device
EXPOSURE

62. Aperture
(IRIS IN YOUR
EYE)
 Aperture is the opening lens to set the amount of light
coming into the camera.
 The bigger shutter open, the more light can enter the
camera.

63. APERTURE RANGE
 Aperture size is labelled with a symbol f / [number] (Example: f
/ 2.4).
 This measure, sometimes confusing because the larger f number,
the smaller shutter’s hole.
 Instead, the smaller f number, the bigger shutter’s hole.
More light
(Brighter image)
Less light
(dark image)

64. Depth of field (DOF)
• Depth of field (DOF) tells how many images you want to be in focus.
• DOF is controlled by controlling the aperture.
Shallow
(less dof)
Narrow
(more dof)

65. Light
Dof

67. Shutter Speed
(LIKE YOUR EYE LID)
 Shutter-speed refers to the length of time the
shutter is open to allow light coming into the
sensor.
 The shutter speed is calculated by using the
second (seconds), and is usually lower than a
second.

68. Shutter Speed Range
1
1/2
1/15
1/30
1/60
1/125
1/250
1/500
1/1000
More light
Less light

69. Freezing and Blurring

71. Low Shutter speed

72. High Shutter speed

74. ISO
• ISO refers to the
sensitivity of the sensor to
light.
• Lower the ISO, the lower
response to the light
sensor, while the higher
the ISO, the more
powerful response to
light.
• A lower ISO number , More light is required
• Either with a longer shutter speed, a larger aperture
opening, or both—to get the same effect that a higher ISO
number would get with less light.

75. ISO Range
More light
Less light
100 200 400 800 1600 3200 6400
Less Noise
More Noise

76. • HIGH ISO value means the sensor will be MORE
sensitive to light, meaning it will take LESS LIGHT
to get the right exposure.
• Low ISO indicates low sensitivity to light but
generally higher resolution with less “noise” or
“grain”.
• Indoor vs Outdoor ? ISO ?
• ISO (Light sensitivity)
• 50 outdoors/sunlight (low grain/noise)
• 1600 indoors/no flash (high grain/noise)
ISO

77. • Set the lowest setting
possible to avoid noise.
• ISO measures the
sensitivity of the image
sensor. The lower the
number the less
sensitive your camera is
to light and the finer the
grain.
ISO

79. Lense
s

80. The lens of your camera and in modern
cameras is adjusted via a control wheel or
dial. If you ever owned a manual film
SLR you
will remember that the lenses had an ring
that you set manually with a “Click-click” as
you turned it to alter the apertures

86. “You don't take a
photograph, you
make it.”
Ansel Adams