B4FA 2012 Ghana: Sorghum Breeding in Ghana - IDK Atokpleb4fa
Presentation by Dr IDK Atokple, CSIR Savannah Agricultural Research Institute, Tamale, Ghana
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Accra, Ghana - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
Male sterility: cost effective hybrid seed prodution in Cotton.pptxNouman Bilal
Its a presentation which i present in seminar for my Msc PBG degree. In this ppt i discuss about natural ways of male sterility in cotton plant and three line i.e AB,R Line system for commercial hybrid seed prodution in cotton.
B4FA 2012 Ghana: Sorghum Breeding in Ghana - IDK Atokpleb4fa
Presentation by Dr IDK Atokple, CSIR Savannah Agricultural Research Institute, Tamale, Ghana
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Accra, Ghana - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
Male sterility: cost effective hybrid seed prodution in Cotton.pptxNouman Bilal
Its a presentation which i present in seminar for my Msc PBG degree. In this ppt i discuss about natural ways of male sterility in cotton plant and three line i.e AB,R Line system for commercial hybrid seed prodution in cotton.
Present status and future plans for hybrid development in pulse cropsmamatassubedi14
The slide share describes the present status and future plans for hybrid development in pulse crops.
Since hybrid development in pulses is difficult, only a very small number of hybrids have been released to date.
The hinderance to developing hybrid pulse is due to its floral structure.
However, male sterility has been utilized to develop hybrids in the pulse crops
CGMS is found to be very effective for commercial hybrid seed production in pulses.
Moreover, in future, next-generation sequencing, including genome selection and gene editing, can be utilized to develop hybrids in pulse crops.
Hybrid rice breeding problems, prospects and future strategies by Deepak SharmaDeepak Sharma
The presentation describes all the constraints worldwide regarding hybrids in rice and potential solutions. The material includes all the findings and the researches going on in the world. Material collection is surely going to be very helpful from conventional and molecular point of view and having all the recent achievement and work done .
Extranuclear inheritance or cytoplasmic inheritance is the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. It is found in most eukaryotes and is commonly known to occur in cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts or from cellular parasites like viruses or bacteria. Determining the contribution of organelle genes to plant phenotype is hampered by several factors, including the paucity of variation in the plastid and mitochondrial genomes. Mitochondria are organelles which function to transform energy as a result of cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are organelles which function to produce sugars via photosynthesis in plants and algae. The genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts are very important for proper cellular function, yet the genomes replicate independently of the DNA located in the nucleus, which is typically arranged in chromosomes that only replicate one time preceding cellular division. The extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts however replicate independently of cell division. They replicate in response to a cell's increasing energy needs which adjust during that cell's lifespan. There is consistent difference between the results from reciprocal crosses; generally only the trait from female parent is transmitted. In most cases, there is no segregation in the F2 and subsequent generations.
Plant genetic engineering is one of the key technologies for crop improvement as well as an emerging approach for producing recombinant proteins in plants. Both plant nuclear and plastid genomes can be genetically modified, yet fundamental functional differences between the eukaryotic genome of the plant cell nucleus and the prokaryotic-like genome of the plastid will have an impact on key characteristics of the resulting transgenic organism. So, which genome, nuclear or plastid, to transform for the desired transgenic phenotype? In this paper we compare the advantages and drawbacks of engineering plant nuclear and plastid genomes to generate transgenic plants with the traits of interest, and evaluate the pros and cons of their use for different biotechnology and basic research applications. The chloroplast is a pivotal organelle in plant cells and eukaryotic algae to carry out photosynthesis, which provides the primary source of the world’s food. The expression of foreign genes in chloroplasts offers several advantages over their expression in the nucleus: high-level expression, no position effects, no vector sequences allowing stable transgene expression. In addition, transgenic chloroplasts are generally not transmitted through pollen grains because of the cytoplasmic localization. In the past two decades, great progress in chloroplast engineering has been made.
Present status and future plans for hybrid development in pulse cropsmamatassubedi14
The slide share describes the present status and future plans for hybrid development in pulse crops.
Since hybrid development in pulses is difficult, only a very small number of hybrids have been released to date.
The hinderance to developing hybrid pulse is due to its floral structure.
However, male sterility has been utilized to develop hybrids in the pulse crops
CGMS is found to be very effective for commercial hybrid seed production in pulses.
Moreover, in future, next-generation sequencing, including genome selection and gene editing, can be utilized to develop hybrids in pulse crops.
Hybrid rice breeding problems, prospects and future strategies by Deepak SharmaDeepak Sharma
The presentation describes all the constraints worldwide regarding hybrids in rice and potential solutions. The material includes all the findings and the researches going on in the world. Material collection is surely going to be very helpful from conventional and molecular point of view and having all the recent achievement and work done .
Extranuclear inheritance or cytoplasmic inheritance is the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. It is found in most eukaryotes and is commonly known to occur in cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts or from cellular parasites like viruses or bacteria. Determining the contribution of organelle genes to plant phenotype is hampered by several factors, including the paucity of variation in the plastid and mitochondrial genomes. Mitochondria are organelles which function to transform energy as a result of cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are organelles which function to produce sugars via photosynthesis in plants and algae. The genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts are very important for proper cellular function, yet the genomes replicate independently of the DNA located in the nucleus, which is typically arranged in chromosomes that only replicate one time preceding cellular division. The extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts however replicate independently of cell division. They replicate in response to a cell's increasing energy needs which adjust during that cell's lifespan. There is consistent difference between the results from reciprocal crosses; generally only the trait from female parent is transmitted. In most cases, there is no segregation in the F2 and subsequent generations.
Plant genetic engineering is one of the key technologies for crop improvement as well as an emerging approach for producing recombinant proteins in plants. Both plant nuclear and plastid genomes can be genetically modified, yet fundamental functional differences between the eukaryotic genome of the plant cell nucleus and the prokaryotic-like genome of the plastid will have an impact on key characteristics of the resulting transgenic organism. So, which genome, nuclear or plastid, to transform for the desired transgenic phenotype? In this paper we compare the advantages and drawbacks of engineering plant nuclear and plastid genomes to generate transgenic plants with the traits of interest, and evaluate the pros and cons of their use for different biotechnology and basic research applications. The chloroplast is a pivotal organelle in plant cells and eukaryotic algae to carry out photosynthesis, which provides the primary source of the world’s food. The expression of foreign genes in chloroplasts offers several advantages over their expression in the nucleus: high-level expression, no position effects, no vector sequences allowing stable transgene expression. In addition, transgenic chloroplasts are generally not transmitted through pollen grains because of the cytoplasmic localization. In the past two decades, great progress in chloroplast engineering has been made.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Use of Genetic Male Sterility in Hybrid Seed Production of Maize & Millet
1. Pir Mehr Ali Shah
Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics
Supervisor: Dr. Fahad Masoud Wattoo
Presented By:
Muhammad Hassan Asadi
20-ARID-3018
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 1
2. Use of Genetic Male Sterility in Hybrid Seed
Development of Maize & Millet
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 2
3. Genetic Male Sterility
Genetic Male
Sterility
Male reproductive development
is impaired due to underlying
genetic causes
Leads to the
malformation of male
gametes and/or pollen
Used to produce hybrid
seeds without pollens.
Ideal tool to accelerate
hybrid breeding.
Controlled by some
nuclear genes.
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 3
4. Features
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 4
Mainly governed by a monogenic, recessive gene but rarely
oligogenic, dominant.
A line:
• male sterile line
• used as a female parent
• homozygous recessive
B line:
• male fertile line
• used to maintain male sterility in A
(maintainer line).
• heterozygous dominant.
Consists of three types of lines:
R line:
• restorer line
• homozygous dominant
5. Inheritance Pattern
♀ mm (male sterile) X ♂ MM (male fertile)
F1 Mm (male fertile)
intercross of selfing
F2 mm Mm MM
25% homozygous sterile 50% heterozygous fertile 25% homozygous fertile
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 5
7. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
• Less stable due to GMS affected
by environmental factors like
temperature and day length
conditions.
• Increases production cost of
hybrid seed production because
50% of fertile plants are removed
yearly.
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 7
• Fertility restoration in the hybrid
and crossing plans is relatively
easy.
• Use in both seed-propagated and
vegetative-propagated crops.
• Less area and labor because
maintain only two lines.
• Does not have undesirable
agronomic characteristics.
8. Utilization In Breeding Program
Eliminate emasculation in hybridization
Increase natural cross-pollination in self-pollinated crops
Facilitate commercial hybrid seed production
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 8
10. GMS in Maize
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 10
Identify parental
lines (P1, P2)
Introduce male
sterility in P1 line
Develop restorer
line (Rf) for male
sterility
Cross P1
(CMS/GMS) with
Rf Restorer Line
F1 Generation:
Male-Fertile
Hybrid (P1 x Rf)
Development
Identify Superior
F1 Hybrids
Conduct Hybrid
Vigor Testing
Produce Hybrid
Seeds
Commercialize
Hybrid Seed
Product
12. CMS-T (Texas)
Discovered in the
1940s.
Used extensively
throughout the 1960s.
Highly stable under
all environmental
conditions.
Characterized by the
failure of anther
exertion and pollen
abortion.
Plants bearing the T
cytoplasm-
susceptible to race T
of the southern corn
leaf blight.
Widespread use of T-
cytoplasm for hybrid
corn production led to an
epidemic in 1970 with
the widespread rise of
Race T.
Toxin produced
by C.
heterostrophus =
T-toxin
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 12
13. GMS in Millets
Millet crops use the
cytoplasmic-genetic
male sterility system
Caused by an interaction
of the sterility-inducing
factors in the cytoplasm
with the genetic factors
in the nucleus.
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 13
14. Scheme CGMS in Millet
A X B
A X R
F1
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 14
Male sterile parent line Maintainer line
Restorer line
Pollen (cross)
Pollen (cross)
15. Layout of Plot
Maintenance Field Hybrid Seed Production Field
isolation
1:1 A & B Rows 4:2 A & R Rows
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 15
Harvest of B-line
gives B seed
Harvest of A-line
gives A seed
Harvest of A-line
gives hybrid seed
Harvest of R-line
gives R seed
16. Example of CMS Lines
A1
CMS
line in
pearl
millet
Tift
23A
CMS
line in
pearl
millet
ICMA
89111
CMS
line in
finger
millet
CMS-
1 lines
in
proso
millet
S
CMS
and A
CMS
in
foxtail
millet
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 16
17. Conclusion
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 17
In conclusion, genetic male sterility has revolutionized the
hybrid seed production of maize and millet. This technology
offers numerous advantages, including increased efficiency,
improved crop performance, simplified seed production
processes, and enhanced sustainability. By harnessing the
power of GMS, we can meet the ever-growing demand for
food and contribute to global food security in a more efficient
and environmentally friendly manner.
18. Thank you for your time and attention, and
I hope you have found this presentation
informative and engaging .
PBG-506 Breeding Maize & Millet 18