Ripening is the process by which fruits develop their desirable qualities like flavor, color, and texture. There are two types of ripening - climacteric, which includes fruits like mango and banana, and non-climacteric like orange. Simple technologies are available to farmers for proper ripening, like keeping unripe and ripe fruits together or using smoke to release ethylene and speed up ripening. Ethylene gas or dipping fruits in ethrel solution can also induce ripening within a couple days. While calcium carbide was used to ripen fruits, it is now banned and ethylene is considered the safest method. Optimal conditions for fruit ripening involve temperature, humidity, low ethylene concentration, and
Ethylene is a very important plant hormone and it plays a significant role in the post harvest life of fresh produce. Sometimes being positive and sometimes not. The damage resulting from ethylene exposure could easily be minimized if there was a greater awareness of the potential harm and the simple measures that can be used to prevent damage.
Ethylene is a very important plant hormone and it plays a significant role in the post harvest life of fresh produce. Sometimes being positive and sometimes not. The damage resulting from ethylene exposure could easily be minimized if there was a greater awareness of the potential harm and the simple measures that can be used to prevent damage.
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
the presentation is a brief information on the different post harvest practices practiced commonly in lndia and the presentation is generalized to the context of the world
Role of biotechnology in enhancing fruit crop production and qualityankit gawri
It was evident that developed biotechnological approaches have the potential to enhance the yield, quality, and shelf-life of fruits and vegetables to meet the demands of the 21st century. However, the developed biotech approaches for fruits and vegetables were more of academic jargon than a commercial reality
Day 3 - Module 3: Seed Quality Control - Session 2AfricaSeeds
A training and validation workshop of the Seed Operations Toolkit was held in Abidjan from 14 to 18 November 2016. Designed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in collaboration with AfricaSeeds, the Toolkit aims to provide guidance for capacity development of all stakeholders of the seed value chain. The workshop was attended by 27 experts from 21 African countries. The validated modules were: Module 1: Development of small-scale seed enterprises; Module 2: Seed conditioning equipment; Module 3: Seed Quality Control and Certification; and Module 4: Seed Sector Regulation.
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
the presentation is a brief information on the different post harvest practices practiced commonly in lndia and the presentation is generalized to the context of the world
Role of biotechnology in enhancing fruit crop production and qualityankit gawri
It was evident that developed biotechnological approaches have the potential to enhance the yield, quality, and shelf-life of fruits and vegetables to meet the demands of the 21st century. However, the developed biotech approaches for fruits and vegetables were more of academic jargon than a commercial reality
Day 3 - Module 3: Seed Quality Control - Session 2AfricaSeeds
A training and validation workshop of the Seed Operations Toolkit was held in Abidjan from 14 to 18 November 2016. Designed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in collaboration with AfricaSeeds, the Toolkit aims to provide guidance for capacity development of all stakeholders of the seed value chain. The workshop was attended by 27 experts from 21 African countries. The validated modules were: Module 1: Development of small-scale seed enterprises; Module 2: Seed conditioning equipment; Module 3: Seed Quality Control and Certification; and Module 4: Seed Sector Regulation.
Ripening.ppt ruit ripening is a natural process in which a fruit goes through...RoselynAdajar
Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable. In general, fruit becomes sweeter, less green, and softer as it ripens. Even though the acidity of fruit increases as it ripens, the higher acidity level does not make the fruit seem tarter. This effect is attributed to the Brix-Acid Ratio.
Fruit ripening is a natural process in which a fruit goes through various physical and chemical changes and gradually becomes sweet, colored, soft, and palatable. Fruit ripening process can also be stimulated by applying artificial fruit ripening agents. Farmers and vendors often use artificial ripening agents to control the rate of fruit ripening. However, because of the potential health hazards related to the ripening agents, artificial fruit ripening process is highly debatable throughout the world.Different fruit ripening agents can be used to ripen fruits artificially and to provide fruits the desired color and taste within a short time. In recent years, the use of artificial fruit ripening agents is becoming much prevalent, the agents being mostly used for commercial purposes, i.e., to make the fruits available to customers during off-season.
atural fruit ripening is a combination of physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes [21–24]. It involves coordination of different metabolisms with activation and deactivation of various genes, which leads to changes in color, sugar content, acidity, texture, and aroma volatiles [21, 22, 25]. The change in color during the fruit ripening process is a result of unmasking of pigments by degradation of chlorophyll, synthesis of different types of anthocyanins and their accumulation in vacuoles, and accumulation of carotenoids. Production of complex mixture of volatile compounds, such as ocimene and myrcene, and degradation of bitter principles (diverse groups of plant constituents such as alkaloid and sesquiterpene are linked only by their bitter taste), flavonoids, tannins, and other related compounds enhance the flavor and aroma of the fruit. Sweetness increases because of increased gluconeogenesis (metabolic pathway that generates glucose), hydrolysis of polysaccharides, decreased acidity, and accumulation of sugars and organic acids. Furthermore, textural changes resulting in the softening of fruits occur due to enzyme-mitigated alteration in structure and composition of the cell wall [23, 26, 27]. Through the above changes, fruit becomes ripe with distinctive characteristics: sweet, colored, soft, and palatable.
Artificial fruit ripening and possible health hazards
Ethylene, a hormone naturally produced within fruit, regulates fruit ripening by initiating and/or controlling a series of chemical and biochemical activities [28]; the compound does so by coordinating the genes responsible for activities including increase in the rate of respiration, autocatalytic ethylene production, chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid synthesis alongside conversion of starch to sugar, increased a
Introduction to postharvest management and technologynazmulhrt
The contribution of horticulture remains extremely important for ensuring food and
nutritional security in Bangladesh. Horticultural crops in Bangladesh cover an area of 873
thousand hectares with a total production of 110 lakh metric tons (Monthly Statistical
Bulletin 2009). The desired level of development in horticulture has not yet been achieved
because of a number of constraints. Due to absence of proper postharvest management
system, a bulk quantity of the harvested produce is damaged every year. More
importantly, lack of proper storage and marketing facilities, and seasonal gluts force the
farmers to sell their hard-earned produce at throw-away prices. The food and nutrition
situation in Bangladesh is fragile due to inadequate and imbalanced diet intake.
Consumption of a diversified diet to meet the needs of macro and micro nutrients needs to
be promoted (Bhattacherjee et al. 2007; NFP 2008; BDHS 2009).
Fruits and vegetables are highly valued in human diet mainly for vitamins and minerals.
However, the present consumption of fruits and vegetables in Bangladesh is 126
g/day/capita (23 g leafy vegetables, 89 g non-leafy vegetables and 14 g fruit), which is far
below the minimum average requirement of 400 g/day/capita (FAO/WHO 2003).
However, according to HIES (2005), the consumption of fruits and vegetables including
potato is 253 g/day/capita, which indicates a poor dietary status in Bangladesh. In this
regard, the high levels of low birth weight (33%), underweight (41%), stunting (43%) and
wasting (17%) among children less than five years; anemia among infants, young children,
adolescent girls and pregnant women; and poor diet diversification are of particular
concerns (BDHS 2009; BCIP 2010). The prevalence of overweight (12.5%) among
women that has increased by 10% between 2004 and 2007 also indicate the existence of
double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh (BDHS 2009). A large proportion of
Bangladeshi population is food insecure due to poor diet quality. The usual diet is heavily
dependent on rice, and most of the energy in the diet is contributed by cereals. Rice
accounts for 68% of the total calorie consumption in the year 2005. Therefore, even
though rice is not a good source of protein, it constitutes about half of total protein
consumption in the diet. High prevalence of micronutrient deficiency i.e. hidden hunger is
common in the society, and the situation could be improved significantly by increasing the
consumption of high quality and micronutrient-rich foods like fruits and vegetables. Due to tropical and subtropical climates, a variety of fruits and vegetables are grown in
Bangladesh. Unfortunately, a considerable proportion of the harvested produce never
reaches the consumers mainly because of postharvest losses. The estimated postharvest
losses of fruits and vegetables lie in the range of 20-40% (Wills et al. 2004). Hence, there
is general support among scientists for the proposition that
Bio turbo - Ethylene and pathogen control for fruits and vegetablesDimitrios Loutsaris
Bio Turbo is a patented technology for cleaning the air from all sorts of airborne organic compounds. Bio Turbo effectively removes ethylene gas (to prevent premature ripening), bacteria, mold spores and viruses. What differentiates Bio Turbo from competitors is its affordability and the ease of maintenance making it a great solution for commercial applications.
For more information please visit www.bio-turbo.com
Maintaining quality and safety of minimal processed foodsarshpreetkaur62
Minimally Processed Foods are those which minimally influences the quality characteristic of a food, whist at the same time giving the food sufficient shelf life during storage and distribution.
Design of a Controlled Atmospheric Storage Facility for Climacteric Fruits AI Publications
The work focused on designing a Controlled Atmospheric Storage facility for climacteric fruits. Climacteric fruits are those fruits that continue to ripen after being maturely harvested e.g. tomatoes, bananas, papaya, guava, fig, apple, apricot, and plum. Sweet William or Veredia bananas from Chipinge (Zimbabwe) were used for experiments in the design. The researchers noted that Zimbabwean small scale fruits producers, vendors, and retailers do not have adequate storage facilities to store their produce. This inadequacy has led to rapid postharvest losses of about 30 – 40 %.
The design project aimed at controlling atmospheric gases, humidity and temperature during storage of bananas as these are the parameters that accelerate deterioration if not controlled. The design had to include a swing term air filtering technology to separate or absorb oxygen from the compressed atmospheric air (about 78% N2, 21% O2, and 0.03% CO2) using Erythorbic acid inside the absorption tanks. The remaining gas composition constitute more of N2 (78%) and CO2 (0.03%) which are needed to delay ripening process. The design in the form of a metal box had to include an air tight environment; the door incorporated was air tight so as to prevent the entrance and exit of gases. It also had to include temperature detectors e.g. Thermocouples detect the temperature inside the storage. A fan that runs automatically when the door is opened was incorporated, so as to drive away any gases that might have gained entrance into the storage. An additional fan to maintain the optimum temperatures inside the storage and control the internal humidity was also added. The design had to include foam rubber between the double walls so as maintain the optimum temperature inside the box when water is allowed to flow on the foam rubber through the coolant inlet funnel. Ethylene absorbers (activated carbon impregnated with potassium permanganate) were included inside the storage for them to adsorb the produced ethylene gas by the fruits. Silica gel also added to adsorb the produced moisture which can be a media for microbial flora.
seminar on drying and dehydration of fruit crops,
detailed information of dehydration and drying,
process of dehydration,
research work of some fruits.......
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. FRUIT RIPENING
Ripening is the process by which fruits
attain their desirable flavor, quality, color,
palatable nature and other textural
properties.
5. TECHNOLOGIES FOR RIPENING
Simple technologies and methods available today for farmers
for
proper ripening.
Normally, the number of days taken for edible ripening varies
for
different fruits and prevailing climatic conditions.
EX: For Mangoes - 5 to 6 days
Sapotas -7 to 9 days
6. Keep unripened and ripened fruits together
inside an air tight container.
Already ripened fruits release ethylene,
Ripening will be faster.
7. Place the fruits inside an air tight room,
and induce ripening through smoking inside smoke
chambers.
Smoke emanates acetylene gas.
EX: Mango, Banana
9. Dip unripe mature fruits in 0.1 percent
ethrel solution.
In this method, the fruits will ripen
within two days.
10. one of the simple and harmless
techniques
10 ml of ethrel and 2 gm of NaOH pellets are
mixed in 5 l of water taken in a wide mouthed
vessel.
This vessel is placed inside the ripening
chamber near the fruits and the room is sealed
air tight.
11. About a third of the room is filled with fruits
leaving the remaining area for air circulation.
Ripening of fruits takes place in about 12
to 24 hours.
In order to reduce the cost of chemical,
some ethylene releasing fruits such as
papaya and banana can also kept in the
same room.
12. Ethylene gas filled in pressurized cans promote fruit
ripening in 24-48 hours.
14. Fruit ripening using calcium carbide
Climacteric fruits are ripened with industrial grade
calcium carbide.
It contains traces of arsenic and phosphorus, use this is
illegal in most countries.
In India use of calcium carbide is strictly banned as per
PoFA (Prevention of Food Adultration) Act (section
44AA)
15. Calcium carbide produces acetylene.
Acetylene is believed to affect the nervous system.
Arsenic and phosphorus are toxic.
The only safe and worldwide accepted method is
using ethylene - natural hormone for ripening.
17. Ethylene being a natural hormone does not cause any
health hazard
It is a de-greening agent
turn the peel from green to perfect yellow (in the case
of bananas)
maintain the sweetness and aroma of the fruit
18. Methods of applying ethrel
Use of diluted ethylene gas mixtures is safer than using pure
ethylene
Fruit to be ripened ideally is placed in an airtight ripening room
maintained at a constant temperature
EXAMPLE:
18-21oC -Most fruits
29-31oC in Mango
19. Optimum storage and ripening temperatures for a
few fruits
Commodity Ethylene
conc.(ppm)
Ethylene
exposure time
(hr.)
Ripening temp.
oC
Storage
Temp.oC
BANANA 100-150 24 15-18 13-14
MANGO 100-150 12-24 20-22 13-14
ORANGE
DEGREENING
1-10 24-72 20-22 5-9
21. Optimal ripening conditions for fruit
ripening
Temperature 18 to 25oC
Relative humidity 90 to 95%
Ethylene concentration 10 to 100 ppm
Duration of treatment 24 to 74 hours depending on fruit type
and stage of maturity
Air circulation Sufficient to ensure distribution of
ethylene within ripening room
Ventilation Require adequate air exchange in
order to prevent accumulation of O2’
which reduces effectiveness of C2H4
22. Degreening:
Controlled degreening is carried out on
citrus.
Breakdown of chlorophyll and
production of a rich orange colour
require exposure to low temperature
during maturation
23. Degreening is carried out in ripening rooms, with
same ethylene concentrations as above.
This process takes 2 to 3 days, and it is again
necessary to ventilate daily to ensure that carbon
dioxide levels do not exceed 1%.
The most rapid degreening occurs at temperatures
of 25 to 30oC but the best colour (concentration of
peel carotenoids) occurs at 15 to 25oC
