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1. World Applied Sciences Journal 21 (10): 1475-1483, 2013
ISSN 1818-4952
© IDOSI Publications, 2013
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.10.269
Corresponding Author: H. Saybani, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
1475
Athletes’ Satisfaction as Mediator of Transformational Leadership Behaviors
of Coaches and Football Players’ Sport Commitment Relationship
H. Saybani, A. Yusof, C. Soon, A. Hassan and S. Zardoshtian
1 1 1 1 2
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
1
University of Razi, Iran
2
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediation role of athlete satisfaction on the
relationship between transformational leadership style of Iranian high schools’ coaches and sport commitment
of Iranian high schools’ football players and also to develop a coaching model. The survey design, correlational
study and inferential statistics were applied in this research. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was
applied as a strong procedure to analyze the data and develop the models. Population of this study was 558
football players (15-20 years). 280 high schools’ football players were selected to participate in this study by
using the simple random sampling procedure. Instruments of the study were MLQ (Avolio and Bass, 1995),
SCMS (Scanlan, et al., 1993) and ASQ ( Riemer and Chelladurai, 1998). Moreover, SEM and ANOVA (Analysis
of Variance) applied for testing hypotheses of the study. The results of the study indicated that there is a
positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership style of coaches and athlete’s
satisfaction of football players. In addition, athlete satisfaction significantly mediated the relationship between
transformational leadership style of coaches and sport commitment of football players. All fit indices of the
measurement and mediation models were acceptable. There these models were fit the data of the current study.
Findings of this study revealed that transformational coaches with increasing satisfaction of football players
would increase the sport commitment of football players.
Key words: Leadership style Athlete satisfaction Sport commitment
INTRODUCTION for sports ground, plus their job of teaching, a full class
Young people spend a significant amount of time at DeRue and Karam [5] a leader performs his or her role
school and therefore school environments need to be when his or her team fulfills team’s needs and Kellet [6]
supportive of student being physically active. School suggested that a coach behaves like a leader, when a
sport and physical education programs are important and coach does his or her task well. According to Ting-Chen
need a comprehensive approach for providing this [7] in recent years studies on leadership have been carried
support. Numerous studies have pointed out that school out in sport setting that refer to coach as a leader and
sport is an important aspect of philosophy of education athlete as a follower. Coaches can play different roles with
and should operate within the overall policies. Several different approaches as leaders in their teams. Leadership
authors [1-3] stated that the role of athletic coaches and styles and behaviors of coaches can motivate players to
expectations from them have expanded over the past two achieve goals, perform better and become successful.
decades and more coaches are experiencing the pressures Coaches can also influence their athletes to the highest
associated with winning and producing championships, performance based on their maximum capabilities.
even at the high school level. In addition, to leading a The transformational leadership theory accentuates
team into competition, high school coaches often have on significance of the leader-follower relationship making
the added duties of being a substitute parent, a positive it pertinent to the study of athletic leadership. According
role model for the athletes, as well as fund raiser, to this theory, for example, positive interactions between
equipment’s manager, athletic trainer and responsibility leaders and followers lead to desirable consequences
load during the school day [4]. As argued by Morgeson,

2. World Appl. Sci. J., 21 (10): 1475-1483, 2013
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such as commitment, satisfaction and motivation [8-11]. and the satisfaction with leaders (as mediator) were
Transformational leadership theory is relatively new in
sport settings and it has proved to be useful [12]. Bass
and colleagues wrote that by altering and influencing
followers' beliefs and attitudes, transformational leaders
motivate and inspire followers to exceed expectations.
According to Bass and Riggio [12] and Avolio [13]
transformational leadership factors are: (1) Idealized
influence (attributed), (2) Idealized influence (behavior),
(3) Inspirational motivation, (4) Intellectual stimulation
and (5) Individualized consideration.
In sport settings, researchers showed
transformational leadership style of coaches can predict
and increase commitment of their followers [2, 14-16]. In
addition, researchers also found that transformational
leadership style of coaches increased athletes’
satisfaction [2, 17]. On the other hand, satisfaction of
subordinates can impact on their commitment as
suggested by Karreman, Dorsch and Riemer [18] and
Zeinabadi [19].
Even though many studies have been conducted on
the transformational leadership theory in different settings
such as business, industry, military and business
corporations [12], there are very few studies that have
investigated the transformational and transactional
leadership theory in sport settings [20]. The few studies
in sports have investigated the relationship between
transformational and transactional leadership behaviors
of sport leaders such as athletic manager, athletic
directors and coaches and their impact on followers’
commitment [2, 12, 14-16, 21-26]. The researchers
concluded transformational behaviors can increase
followers’ commitment. However, other studies argued
that transformational leadership behaviors [27-29] and
transactional behaviors have little impact on followers’
outcome such as commitment or performance [23]. One
possible explanation for these conflicting outcome and
limited support in sport settings may be accorded for the
uniqueness of the sport areas [30]. The inconsistent
findings may be due to the role of mediator variables that
weaken the effect of transformational leadership behavior
of leaders on subordinate outcome variables such as
subordinates’ commitment. One possible variable that
might mediate the transformational leadership-
subordinates’ commitment is job satisfaction [31-34]. In
sports, Wells and Peachey [31] discovered satisfaction as
a mediator that can mediate the relationship between
transformational leadership behaviors and voluntary
turnover of organizational intentions.. Specifically, both
the transformational behaviors (as independent variables)
considered as predictors on the voluntary turnover of
organizational intentions (dependent variables). In Wells
and Peachey’s study, the result showed that relationship
between transformational behaviors and voluntary
turnover of organizational intentions was not significant;
however, it was significant for the effect of satisfaction
with leader as mediator on voluntary turnover of
organizational intentions. Therefore, they concluded that
if assistant coach is satisfied with head coach’s
transformational leadership behaviors, it is less likely that
he/she will consider leaving the team.
The inconsistent findings in sport settings warrant
further investigations of the transformational leadership
behaviors and subordinates’ commitment relationship.
Specially, there is a need to identify whether differences
in previous findings might be due to the presence of
mediator variables (such as satisfaction) which has never
been considered in previous study on transformational
leadership in sports. In addition, the need for further
investigations of the transformational leadership coaching
model certainly arises, if one wants to study the issue of
whether satisfaction can mediate the relationship between
transformational leadership of coaches with the important
athlete outcomes such as sport commitment.
In Iran, very few studies have been done on the
transformational leadership behaviors of coaches and
some researchers identified a decrease of motivation,
commitment and satisfaction among adults and young
people, who were playing in clubs and educational
centers such as universities, colleges and schools in Iran
[1, 2]. Further, in another study on the topic of schools’
sport that was conducted in Iran by Hashemi (2010), The
author reported that students’ motivation and
participation in sport activities and quality of schools
competitions have decreased [3]. He also pointed out that
there is a need to identify all the factors which have
created these problems. Poor leadership has been
identified as one possible reason for the decreased
participation in sport in Iran.
There is a need to explore what kind of leadership
style of high schools’ football coaches would maximize
the sport commitment of high schools’ football players in
Iran and whether the “satisfaction of players” can be a
mediator to increase players’ commitment and their
continuous participation in sport activities and
competitions. Further there is a need to develop a
coaching leadership model which can be used by
Iranian’s high schools’ football coaches. To provide a

3. World Appl. Sci. J., 21 (10): 1475-1483, 2013
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comprehensive coaching model and analyze the data, the Participants of this study were 280 (15×18) Iranian high
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used by the schools’ football players, which was reduced to 255
researcher. SEM is a strong and flexible statistical football players due to some missing answers to
technique which is used for analyzing the data and its questions. Therefore, total number of participants was 255
results are used by this study to provide a comprehensive high schools’ football players who completed the
coaching model. This study also, makes firmly apparent questionnaires.
the relationship between transformational leadership
styles of coaches and sport commitment and athletic Instrument: Instruments of the study were Multifactor
satisfaction of Iranian’s high schools’ football players Leadership Questionnaire [35], SCMS [36] and Athlete
and considers the impact of players’ ages and Satisfaction Questionnaire [37]. A pilot study was utilized
experiences. to confirm the capability of the methodological procedure
The purpose of this study is to address the following of the research and also to increase the validity and
questions: Do athletic satisfaction of high schools' reliability of instrumentations of the study. For
football players significantly mediates the relationship conducting the pilot study two teams (2×18=36 number of
between transformational leadership style of coaches and football players) were selected from 20 high schools’
their sport commitment? The research questions for this football teams of Bandar Abbas, Iran by random sampling
study are: procedure.
What is the relationship between the
transformational leadership style of coaches and RESULT
satisfaction of high schools’ football players in Iran?
What is the difference in satisfaction of high A total of 255 subjects participated in the study. The
schools’ football players of different ages in Iran? number of participants and the provinces they
What is the difference in satisfaction of high represented are shown in Table 1. Age of the football
schools’ football players of different football playing players ranged from 15 to 20 years, with a mean of 17.35
experiences in Iran? years and a standard deviation of 0.78. The age and
Do athletic satisfaction of high schools' football experience of all participants (coaches and football
players significantly mediates the relationship players) were categorized into three groups: 1) 15-16 years
between transformational leadership style of coaches (13.7%), 2) 17-18 years (83.5%) and 3) 19-20 years (2.7%)
and their sport commitment? (Table 2). The range of football playing experience (year)
Methodology: The purpose of the current study was to (inexperience) to 10 years. The mean was 2.66 years with
examine the mediation role of athlete satisfaction in the a standard deviation of 3.04. The playing experience of
relationship between transformational leadership style of football players in schools’ competitions was categorized
Iranian high schools’ coaches and sport commitment of into three groups (Table 3). As Table 3 illustrates 69.8%
Iranian high schools’ football players and also to develop of football players had between 0 to 3, 21.6% had between
a new coaching model. The study uses a descriptive and 4 to 6 and 8.6% had between 7 to 10 years of experience.
correlational study design. The (SEM) was applied as a A total of 15 coaches participated in this study. Range of
strong procedure to analyze the data and to develop the their ages was from 33 to 52 years with a mean of 42.13
models. years and a standard deviation of 6.07. The age of
Study Site: This study was conducted in Alborz province This table shows 33.3% of the coaches’ were younger
of Iran. Population of this study was 558 football players than 37 years, 26.7% of them were between 38 to 44 years
(15-20 years), who participated in an annual tournament old and 40% were between 45 to 52 years old. Range of
organized by the Ministry of Education’s sport coaching experience of the coaches was between 5 to 25
department of Iran in 2011. years with a mean of 18.40 years and its’ standard
Participants: For determining the sample, 15 high coaches was categorized into three categories: 1) 5- 11
schools’ football teams were selected to participate in this years (26.7%), 2) 12-18 years (13.3%) and 19 to 25 years
study by using the simple random sampling procedure. (60%) (Table 5).
in the schools' competitions were between 0
coaches were categorized into three groups (Table 4).
deviation was 7.35. The football coaching experience of

4. World Appl. Sci. J., 21 (10): 1475-1483, 2013
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Table 1: Subjects according to Football Teams
Row Name of provinces N
1 Fars 18
2 Razavi Khorasan 18
3 Khuzestan 17
4 Tehran 18
5 Kurdistan 16
6 Lorestan 17
7 East Azarbaijan 18
8 Alborz 17
9 Gilan 17
10 Esfahan 16
11 Ilam 17
12 Kohkiluyeh and Buyer Ahmad 17
13 Markazi 18
14 West Azarbaijan 18
15 Hormozgan 18
Sum 255
Table 2: Age of subjects
Age category (Years) Frequency Percent Valid
15-16 35 13.7
17-18 213 83.5
19-20 7 2.7
Total 255 100.0
Table 3: Years of playing experience
Experience (years) Frequency Percent
0-3 178 69.8
4-6 55 21.6
7-10 22 8.6
Total 255 100.0
Table 4: Coaches’ age group
Age category (Years) Frequency Percent
Lower than 37 5 33.3
38-44 4 26.7
45-52 6 40.0
Total 15 100.0
Table 5: Football Coaching Experience
Coaching experience (Years) Frequency Percent
5-11 4 26.7
12-18 2 13.3
19-25 9 60.0
Total 15 100.0
The result of this study indicated there is a
significant difference in athlete satisfaction of football
players of different ages (F (2, 252) = 4.599, value =
0.011< 0.05). Result of Tukey post hoc test indicated that
the age category of 17-18 (N= 213, Mean = 4.88, SD= 0.78)
significantly differed in athlete satisfaction from those 19-
20 (N = 7, Mean = 5.77, SD = 0.95) years old. Therefore, it
can be concluded that the football players in the 19-20
years age group had significantly higher mean for athlete
satisfaction than those of 17-18 years. On the other hand,
the ANOVA result revealed that, there is no significant
differences between football playing experience and
satisfaction of football players ( = 0.71> 0.05).
The results as shown in Table 6 suggests athletic
satisfaction of high schools' football players significantly
mediates the relationship between transformational
leadership style of coaches and their sport commitment (â
= 0.627, B = 0.414, S.E. = 0.60, C.R.= 6.863, = 0.000). The
result based on standard regression weight (â) indicates
that when athlete satisfaction goes up by 1 standard
deviation, sport commitment goes up by 0.627 standard
deviations. The regression weight estimate or B (0.414)
indicated that when athlete satisfaction goes up by 1,
sport commitment goes up by 0.414.The regression weight
estimate, 0.414 has a standard error about 0.60. Critical
Ratio (C.R.) calculated from dividing the regression weight
estimate (B) by the estimate of its standard error (S.E.)
gives Z = 0.414/0.060 = 6.863.
In other words, the regression weight estimate is
6.863 standard errors above zero. The probability of
getting a critical ratio as large as 6.863 in absolute value is
less than 0.001. This shows the regression weight for
athlete satisfaction in the prediction of sport commitment
is significantly different from zero at the 0.001 level (two-
tailed). These statements are approximately correct for
large samples under suitable assumptions. If an estimate
has a critical ratio greater than two (in absolute value), the
estimate is significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level
(C.R. = 6.863 > 1.96, < 0.05).
Based on the result of the SEM analysis (Table 7),
the relationship can be presented as following
standardized equation:
H : Õ= â + ê
0 0
H : = â X + â X + ê
A 1 1 2 2 i
H : M= â + ê
0 0
H : M= â X + ê
A 1 1 i
Standardized Regression Equation:
= 0.176X (TR-SC) + 0.627X (AS-SC)+ ê
2 2 i
M =0.386X (TR-AS)
1

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Table 6: Standardized Regression Weights: MediationlModel
DV Path IV Unstandard Estimate Standard Estimate S.E. C.R. P*
Sport Commitment <--- Athlete Satisfaction 0.414 0.627 0.060 6.863 0.000
Significant level at <0.001
*
Table 7: Standardized Regression Weights: Mediation Model
Path Estimate
Athlete Satisfaction <--- Transformational 0.386
Sport Commitment <--- Transformational 0.176
Sport Commitment <--- Athlete Satisfaction 0.627
Table 8: Summary of Mediation Model Fit CMIN and GFI
Model NPAR CMIN DF P CMIN/DF RMR GFI
Default model 33 163.283 87 0.000 1.877 0.043 0.924
Baseline Comparisons and RMSEA
Model NFI RFI IFI TLI
Delta1 rho1 Delta2 rho2 CFI RMSEA
Default model 0.897 0.875 0.949 0.938 0.948 0.059
Table 9: Standardized Regression Weights: Mediationl Model
DV Path IV Unstandard Estimate Standard Estimate S.E. C.R. P*
Athlete Satisfaction <--- Transformational. 0.560 0.386 0.120 4.645 0.000
Sport Commitment <--- Transformational. 0.169 0.176 0.071 2.382 0.017
Significant level at <0.001 for TR and AS
*
Significant level at <0.05 for TR and SC
*
Fig. 1: Mediation Model
Figure 1 shows the mediation model. In this model model fit for mediation model. This table displays that p
athlete satisfaction mediates the relationship between value of Chi-square was statistically significant which
transformational leadership style of coaches and sport would indicate that the data do not fit the model well,
commitment of football players. This result shows that the however, there are 6 acceptable indices such as CMIN/DF
transformational leadership style of coaches with or Relative Chi-Square =1.877 (< 3), GFI=0.924 (= 0.90), IFI
increases the satisfaction of football players and this in = 0.949 (=0.90), TLI = 0.938 (= 0.90), CFI = 0.948(=0.90) and
turn would increase sport commitment of football players RMSEA = 0.059 (= 0.08) that support the model fit of the
more than the direct model. Table 8 shows the summary of data. Thus, the fit of this model is sufficient.

6. World Appl. Sci. J., 21 (10): 1475-1483, 2013
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Additionally, the result described in Table 9 shows no significant difference in athlete satisfaction of football
that transformational leadership style of coaches players of different football playing experiences. Causes
significantly contributed toward the prediction of athletic of this may be due to cultural differences, being amateur,
satisfaction of high schools' football players (â =0.386, low experience and maturity of high school football
B=0.560, S.E. =0.120, C.R.= 4.645. =0.000). The result that players in Iran. The findings of the current study were
is based on standard regression weight (â) indicated that inconsistent with Sriboon’s findings [44] and finding of
when transformational leadership goes up by 1 standard Eys and his colleagues [45]. They stated that athletic
deviation (SD), athlete satisfaction goes up by 0.386 experience can improve or maintain satisfaction of
standard deviations. Thus, the first hypothesis was athletes. Additionally, Weiss [46] revealed that experience
supported by the data. The regression weight estimate or of athletes can increase their satisfaction. These conflicts
B (0.560) indicated that when transformational goes up by may be due to cultural differences, low experience and
1 SD, athlete satisfaction goes up by 0.56 standard maturity of the high school football players in Iran.
deviations. The regression weight estimate, 0.560, has a The findings suggest a positive and significant
standard error about 0.120. Critical Ratio (C.R.) calculated relationship between transformational leadership style of
from dividing the regression weight estimate (B) by the coaches and athlete satisfaction of football players. The
estimate of its standard error (S.E.) gives z = 0.560/0.120 = current study found that transformational leadership style
4.645. In other words, the regression weight estimate is of coaches would increase the satisfaction of Iranian high
4.645 standard errors above zero. The probability of schools’ football players. Reasons for this result may be
getting a critical ratio as large as 4.645 in absolute value is because of capabilities of the transformational behavior.
less than 0.001. In other words, the regression weight for Transformational leaders’ dimension such as idealized
transformational in the prediction of athlete satisfaction is influence and inspirational motivation improve followers’
significantly different from zero at the 0.001 level (two- self-esteem; transfer decision making process to their
tailed). These statements are approximately correct for followers and create friendly and respectful relations.
large samples under suitable assumptions. If an estimate From other point of view, the idealized influence
has a critical ratio greater than two (in absolute value), the (charismatic) and inspirational motivation two dimensions
estimate is significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level of transformational leaders often leads to increased
(C.R. = 4.645 > 1.96, < 0.05) [39]. motivation and satisfaction among followers [12]. In
DISCUSSION encourage their followers to work hard and motivate them
The result of this study indicated the football transformational leaders help their followers to get high
players in the 19-20 years age group had significantly level satisfaction. Intellectual stimulation as component of
higher mean for athlete satisfaction than those of 17-18 transformational leaders can motivate and encourage their
years. This result may be due to differences in needs of subordinates, attempt to give them new perspectives and
football players and quality of their performance. Lok and explore new ways by retest previous assumptions [38].
Crawford’s [40] findings supported the result of the Individual consideration is another important component
current study. The result showed that age of athletes can of transformational leaders identifies individual
impact their satisfaction. In addition, finding of the current differences among subordinates and pay attention to their
study is consistent with Murcia and his colleagues’ needs so that make success and improve coaching and
findings [41]. They found that the older group has higher mentoring skills. This finding is affirmed by the
satisfaction than the younger groups. Result of another transformational theory developed by Bass [11]. This
study revealed a significant, positive and linear theory states that the transformational behavior of a
relationship between personal traits and job satisfaction leader increases level of satisfaction of his or her
of women managers in sport organizations [42], overall job followers. Furthermore, the result of this study is in line
satisfaction and both company tenure and age of male with the result reported by Hallaji [2], who indicated that
and female workers [43]. Hence, finding of these studies transformational coaches can effect and predict the
was supported by result of the current study. athlete satisfaction of handball players in pro-league of
On the other hand, inconsistent with previous Iran. Result of a study in sport context [30, 39] supports
studies, the findings of this study revealed that there is the findings of this study. The result declared that
addition, transformational leaders (idealized influence)
to show high performance and high potential. Therefore,

7. World Appl. Sci. J., 21 (10): 1475-1483, 2013
1481
adolescents who use transformational leadership behavior REFRENCES
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