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1. Philippine History:
Spaces for Conflict
& Controversies

2. Learning Objectives
▰ To interpret historical events using primary sources
▰ To recognize the multiplicity of interpretation than can be
read from a historical text.
▰ To identify the advantages and disadvantages of employing
critical tools in interpreting historical events through primary
sources
▰ To demonstrate ability to argue for or against a particular
issue using primary sources.
2

3. Making Sense of the Past:
Historical Interpretation
3

4. Historical Interpretation
▰ History is the study of the past , but a
more contemporary definition is centered on
how it impacts the present through its
consequences
4

5. Historical Interpretation
▰ Geoffrey Barraclough
▰ History as “the attempt
to discover, on the basis
of fragmentary evidence,
the significant things
about the past”
5

6. Historical Interpretation
▰ Geoffrey Barraclough
▰ “the history we read, though based on facts, is
strictly speaking, not factual at all, but a series of
accepted judgment.”
▰ Such judgments of historians on how the past
should be seen make the foundation of historical
interpretation.
6

7. Historical Interpretation
▰ Historians utilize facts collected from primary
sources of history and then draw their own reading
so that their intended audience may understand the
historical event, a process that in essence “makes
sense of the past”.
7

8. Historical Interpretation
▰ The premise is that not all primary sources are
accessible to general audience, and without the
proper training and background, a non-historian
interpreting a primary source may do more harm
than good – a primary source may even cause
misunderstanding; sometimes, even resulting in
more problems.
8

9. Historical Interpretation
▰ Interpretations of the past, therefore, vary according
to who reads the primary source, when it was read,
and how it was read.
9

10. Historical Interpretation
▰ As students of history, we must be well equipped to
recognize different types of interpretations, why
these may differ from each other, and how it
critically sift these interpretations through historical
evaluation.
10

11. Historical Interpretation
▰ Interpretations of historical events change over time;
thus, it is an important skill for a student of history
to track these changes in an attempt to understand
the past.
11

12. The Code of Kalantiaw
12

13. The Code of Kalantiaw
▰ A mythical legal code in the epic history Maragtas.
▰ Before it was revealed as a hoax, it was a source of
pride for the people of Aklan
▰ A historical marker was installed in the town of
Batan, Aklan in 1956.
13

14. 14

15. The Code of Kalantiaw
▰ “CODE OF KALANTIAW. Datu Bendehera Kalantiaw,
third chief of Panay, born in Aklan, established his
government in the peninsula of Batang, Aklan
Sakup. Considered the First Filipino Lawgiver, he
promulgated in about 1433 a penal code now known
as Code of Kalantiaw containing 18 articles…
15

16. The Code of Kalantiaw
▰ Don Marcelino Orilla of Zaragoza, Spain, obtained
the original manuscript from an old chief of Panay
which was later translated into Spanish by Rafael
Murviedo Yzamaney.”
16

17. The Code of Kalantiaw
▰ It was only in 1968 that it was
proved a hoax, when William
Henry Scott, then a doctoral
candidate at the University of
Santo Tomas, defended his
research on Pre-Hispanic
sources in Philippine history.
17

18. The Code of Kalantiaw
▰ He attributed the code to a
historical fiction written in
1913 by Jose E. Marco titled
Las Antiguas Leyendas de la
Isla de Negros. Marco
attributed the code itself to a
priest named Jose Maria
Pavon.
18

19. The Code of Kalantiaw
▰ Prominent Filipino historians did not dissent to
Scott’s findings, but there are still some who
would like to believe that the code is legitimate
document.
19

20. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata”
20

21. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata”
▰ a poem purportedly written by
Jose Rizal when he was eight
years old and is probably one
of Rizal’s most prominent
works.
21

22. 22

23. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata”
▰ There is no evidence to support the claim that this
poem, with the now immortalized lines “Ang hindi
magmahal sa kanyang salita, mahigit pa sa hayop
at malansang isda” was written by Rizal, and
worse, the evidence against Rizal’s authorship of
the poem seems all unassailable.
23

24. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata”
▰ There exists no manuscript
of the poem handwritten by
Rizal. The poem was first
published in 1906, in a book
by Hermenegildo Cruz.
24

25. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata”
▰ Cruz said that he received
the poem from Gabriel Beato
Francisco, who claimed to
have received it in 1884 from
Rizal’s close friend,
Saturnino Raselis.
25

26. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata”
▰ Rizal never mentioned writing this poem anywhere
in his writings, and more importantly, he never
mentioned of having a close friend by the person of
Raselis.
26

27. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata”
▰ Further criticism of the poem reveals more about
the wrongful attribution of the poem to Rizal . The
poem was written in Tagalog and referred to the
word “kalayaan“. But it was documented in Rizal’s
letters that he first encountered the word through
a Marcelo H. del Pilar’s translation of Rizal’s essay
“El Amor Patrio”, where it was spelled as
“kalayahan.”
27

28. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata”
▰ While Rizal’s native tongue
was Tagalog, he was
educated in Spanish, starting
from his mother, Teodora
Alonso. Later on, he would
express disappointment in
difficulty in expressing
himself in his native tongue.
28

29. “Sa Aking Mga Kabata”
▰ The poem’s spelling is also suspect – the use of
letters “k” and “w” to replace “c” and “u”,
respectively was suggested by Rizal as an adult. If
the poem was indeed written during his time, it
should use the original Spanish orthography that
was prevalent in his time.
29

30. Multiperspectivity
30

31. Multiperspectivity
▰ A way of looking at historical events, personalities,
developments, cultures, and societies from
different perspectives.
31

32. Multiperspectivity
▰ There is a multitude of ways by which we can
view the world, and each could be equally valid,
and at the same time, equally partial as well.
32

33. Multiperspectivity
▰ Historical writing is, by definition, biased, partial,
and contains preconceptions.
▰ The historian decides on what sources to use, what
interpretation to make more apparent, depending
on what his end is.
33

34. Multiperspectivity
Historians may…
▰ misinterpret evidence, attending to those that
suggest that a certain event happened, and then
ignore the rest that goes against the evidence.
34

35. Multiperspectivity
Historians may…
▰ omit significant facts about their subject, which
makes the interpretation unbalanced.
35

36. Multiperspectivity
Historians may…
▰ impose a certain ideology to their subject, which
may not be appropriate to the period the subject
was from.
36

37. Multiperspectivity
Historians may…
▰ provide a single cause for an event without
considering other possible causal explanations of
said event.
37

38. Multiperspectivity
▰ With multiperspectivity as an approach in history,
we must understand that historical interpretations
contain discrepancies, contradictions,
ambiguities, and are often the focus of dissent.
38

39. Multiperspectivity
▰ Exploring multiple perspectives in history requires
incorporating source materials that reflect different
views of an event in history, because singular
historical narratives do not provide for space to
inquire and investigate.
39

40. Multiperspectivity
▰ Different sources that counter each other may
create space for more investigation and
research, while providing more evidence for
those truths that these sources agree on.
40

41. Multiperspectivity
▰ Different kinds of sources also provide different
historical truths – an official document may note
different aspects of the past than, say, a memoir of
an ordinary person on the same event.
41

42. Multiperspectivity
▰ Different historical agents create different
historical truths, and while this may be a
burdensome work for the historian, it also renders
more validity to the historical scholarship.
42

43. “Case Study 1:
Where Did the First
Catholic Mass Take
Place in the
Philippines?
43

44. Case Study 1
▰ Butuan has long been
believed as the site of
the first Mass
44

45. Case Study 1
▰ In fact, this has been the case for 3 centuries,
culminating in the erection of monument in 1872
near Agusan River, which commemorates the
expedition’s arrival and celebration of Mass on 8
April 1521.
45

46. Monument of the First Mass in the Philippines (near Agusan River) 46

47. Case Study 1
▰ It must be noted that there are only two primary
sources that historians refer to in identifying the
site of the first Mass.
47

48. Case Study 1
1. The log kept by Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of
Magellan’s ship, Trinidad.
▰ He was one of the 18 survivors who returned with
Sebastian Elcano on the ship Victoria after they
circumnavigated the world.
48

49. Case Study 1
2. The account by Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio
intorno al mondo (First Voyage Around the World).
▰ Also a member of the Magellan expedition and an
eyewitness of the events, particularly, of the first
Mass.
▰ More complete.
49

50. Primary Source:
Albo’s Log
50

51. Case Study 1
Primary Source: Albo’s Log
Source: “Diario o dorotero del viage de Magallanes
desde el cabo se S. Agustin en el Brazil hasta el
regreso a Espana de la nao Victoria, escrito por
Frandsco Albo”
51

52. Case Study 1
1. On the 16th of March (1521) as they sailed in a
westerly course from Ladrones, they saw land
toward the northwest; but owing to many shallow
places they did not approach it. They found later
that its name was Yunagan.
52

53. Case Study 1
2. They went instead that same day southwards to
another small island named Suluan, and there they
anchored. There they saw some canoes but these
fled at the Spaniard’s approach. This island was 9
and two-thirds degrees North latitude.
53

54. Case Study 1
3. Departing from those two islands, they sailed
westward to an uninhabited island of “Gada” where
they took in a supply of wood and water. The sea
around that island was free from shallows. (Albo
does not give the latitude of this island, but fromm
Pigafetta’s testimony, this seems to be the
“Acquada” or Homonhon, at 10 degrees North
latitude).
54

55. Case Study 1
4. From the island they sailed westwards towards a
large island named Seilani that was inhabited and
was known to have gold. (Seilani – or, as Pigafetta
calls it, “Ceylon” – was the island of Leyte.)
55

56. Case Study 1
5. Sailing southwards along the coast of that large
island of Seilani, they turned southwest to a small
island called “Mazava”. That island is also at a
latitude of 9 and two-thirds degree North.
56

57. Case Study 1
6. The people of the island of Mazavawere very good.
There the Spaniards planted a cross upon a
mountain-top, and from there they were shown
three islands to the west and southwest, where they
were told there was much gold.
57

58. Case Study 1
7. From Mazava they sailed northwards again toward
Seilani. They followed the coast of Seilani in a
northwesterly direction, ascending up to 10 degrees
of latitude where they saw three small islands.
58

59. Case Study 1
8. From there they sailed westwards some ten leagues
and there they saw three islets, where they
dropped anchor for the night. In the morning they
sailed southwest some 12 leagues, down to a
latitude of 10 and one-third degree. There they
entered a channel between two islands, one of
which was called “Matan” and the other “Subu”.
59

60. Case Study 1
9. They sailed down that channel and then turned
westwards and anchored at the town (la villa) of
Subu where they stayed many days and obtained
provisions and entered into a peace pact with the
local king.
60

61. Case Study 1
10.The town of Subu was on an east-west directions
with the islands of Suluan and Mazava. But
between Mazava and Subu, there were so many
shallows that the boats could not go westward
directly but has to go (as they did) in a round-about
way.
61

62. Case Study 1
▰ It must be noted that in Albo’s account, the location
of Mazava fits the location of the island of
Limasawa, at the southern tip of Leyte, 9°54’N.
62

63. Case Study 1
▰ Also, Albo does not mention the first Mass, but
only the planting of the cross upon a mountain-top
from which could be seen three islands to the west
and southwest, which also fits the southern end of
Limasawa.
63

64. Primary Source:
Pigafetta’s Testimony on
the Route of Magellan’s
Expedition 64

65. Case Study 1
Primary Source: Pigafetta’s Testimony on the
Route of Magellan’s Expedition
▰ Source: Emma Blair and James Alexander
Robertson, The Philippine Islands, Vols. 33 and 34.
65

66. Case Study 1
1. Saturday, 16 March 1521 – Magellan’s expedition
sighted a “high land” named “Zamal” which was
some 300 leagues westwards of Ladrones (now the
Marianas) islands.
66

67. Case Study 1
2. Sunday, March 17 – “The following day” after sighting
Zamal Island, they landed on “another island which was
uninhabited” and which “lay to the right” of the above-
mentioned island of “Zamal”. There they set up 2 tents
for the sick members of the crew and had a sow killed
for them. The name of the island was “Humunu”
(Homonhon). This island was located at 10 degrees
North latitude.
67

68. Case Study 1
3. On that same day (Sunday, March 17), Magellan
named the entire archipelago the “Islands of Saint
Lazarus”, the reason being that it was Sunday in
the Lenten season when the Gospel assigned for
the Mass and the liturgical Office was eleventh
chapter of St. John, which tells of the raising of
Lazarus from the dead.
68

69. Case Study 1
4. Monday, March 18 – in the afternoon of their
second day on that island, they saw a boat coming
towards them with nine men in it. An exchange of
gift was effected. Magellan asked for food supplies,
and the men went away, promising to bring rice
and other supplies in “four days”.
69

70. Case Study 1
5. There were two springs of water in that island of
Homonhon. Also they saw there some indications
that there was gold in these islands. Consequently
Magellan renamed the island and called it the
“Watering Place of Good Omen” (Acquada la di
bouni segnialli).
70

71. Case Study 1
6. Friday, March 22 – at noon the natives returned.
This time they were in two boats, and they brought
food supplies.
71

72. Case Study 1
7. Magellan’s expedition stayed eight days at
Homonhon: from Sunday, March 17, to the Monday
of the following week, March 25.
72

73. Case Study 1
8. Monday, March 25 – in the afternoon, the
expedition weighed anchor and left the island of
Homonhon.
▰ Pigafetta fell into the water but was rescued. He
attributed his narrow escape from death as grace
obtained through the intercession of the Blessed
Virgin Mary on her feast Day.
73

74. Case Study 1
9. The route taken by the expedition after leaving
Homonhon was “toward the west southwest,
between four islands: namely, Cenalo, Hiunanghan,
Ibusson and Albarien.”
74

75. Case Study 1
▰ Very probably “Cenalo” is a misspelling in the
Italian manuscript for what Pigafetta in his map
calls “Ceilon” and Albo calls “Seilani”; namely the
island of Leyte.
75

76. Case Study 1
▰ “Hiunanghan” (a misspelling of Hinunangan)
seemed to Pigafetta to be a separate island, but its
actually on the mainland of Leyte
▰ Hibusson (Pigafetta’s Ibusson) is an island east of
Leyte’s southern tip.
76

77. Case Study 1
10.Thursday, March 28 – In the morning of Holy
Thursday, March 28, they anchored off an island
where the previous night they had seen a light or a
bonfire. It is 25 leagues from the Acquada, and is
called Mazua.
77

78. Case Study 1
11.They remained seven days on Mazaua Island.
78

79. Case Study 1
12.Thursday, April 4 – they left Mazaua, bound for
Cebu. They were guided thither by the King of
Mazua who sailed in his boat. Their route took
them past five “islands” namely: “Ceylon, Bohol,
Canighan, Baibai, and Gatighan”.
79

80. Case Study 1
13.At Gatighan, they sailed westward to the three
islands of the Camotes Group, namely, Poro,
Pasihan and Ponson. Here the Spanish ships
stopped to allow the king of Mazaua to catch up
with them, since the Spanish ships were much
faster than the native balanghai – a thing that
excited the admiration of the king of Mazaua
80

81. Case Study 1
14.From the Camotes Islands they sailed southwards
“Zubu”
81

82. Case Study 1
15. Sunday, April 7 – At noon they entered the harbor
of “Zubu” (Cebu). It had taken them 3 days to
negotiate the journey from Mazaua northwards to
the Camotes Islands and then southwards of Cebu.
82

83. Case Study 1
▰ It must be pointed out that both Albo and Pigafetta’s
testimonies coincide and corroborate each other.
Pigafetta gave more details on what they did during
their weeklong stay at Mazaua.
83

84. Primary Source: Pigafetta
and Seven Days in
Mazaua
84

85. Case Study 1
Primary Source: Pigafetta and Seven Days in
Mazaua
▰ Source: Emma Blair and James Alexander
Robertson, The Philippine Islands, Vols. 33 and 34.
85

86. Case Study 1
1. Thursday, March 28 – in the morning they
anchored near an island where they had seen a
light the night before a small boat (boloto) came
with 8 natives, to whom Magellan threw some
trinkets as presents.
86

87. Case Study 1
▰ The natives paddled away, but 2 hours later, 2
larger boats (balanghai) came, in one of which the
native king sat under an awning mats.
▰ At Magellan’s incitation some of the natives went up
the Spanish ship, but the native king remained
seated in his boat. An exchange of gist was effected.
87

88. Case Study 1
▰ In the afternoon that day, the Spanish ships
weighed anchor and came closer to shore, anchoring
near the native king’s village.
▰ This Thursday, March 28, was Thursday in Holy
Week (Holy Thursday).
88

89. Case Study 1
2. Friday, March 29 – “Next day. Holy Friday”,
Magellan sent his slave interpreter ashore in a
small boat to ask the king if he could provide the
expedition with food supplies, and to say that they
had come as friends and not as enemies.
89

90. Case Study 1
▰ In reply, the King himself came in a boat with 6 or 8
men, and this time went up Magellan’s ship and the
2 men embraced.
▰ Another exchange of gift was made.
90

91. Case Study 1
▰ The native king and his companions returned
ashore, bringing with them 2 members of Magellan’s
expedition as guests for the night. One of the 2 was
Pigafetta.
91

92. Case Study 1
3. Saturday, March 30 – Pigafetta and his companion
had spent the previous evening feasting and
drinking with the native king and his son. Pigafetta
deplored the fact that, although it was Good Friday,
they had to eat meat. The following morning
(Saturday) Pigafetta and his companion took leave
of their hosts and returned to the ships.
92

93. Case Study 1
4. Sunday, March 31 – “Early in the morning of
Sunday, the last of March and Easter day”,
Magellan sent the priest ashore with some men to
prepare for the Mass. Later in the morning
Magellan landed with some fifty men and Mass was
celebrated, after which a cross was venerated.
93

94. Case Study 1
▰ Magellan and the Spaniards returned to the ship for
the noon-day meal, but in the afternoon they
returned ashore to plant cross on the summit of the
highest hill .
▰ In attendance both at the Mass and at the planting
of the cross were the king of Mazua and king of
Butuan
94

95. Case Study 1
5. Sunday, March 31 – On the same afternoon, while
on the summit of the highest hill, Magellan asked
the 2 kings which ports he should go to in order to
obtain more abundant supplies of food than were
available in the island.
95

96. Case Study 1
▰ They replied that there were three ports to choose
from: Ceylon, Zubu, and Calagan. Of the 3 Zubu
was the port with the most trade.
▰ Magellan said that he wished to go to Zubu and to
depart the following morning.
96

97. Case Study 1
▰ He asked for someone to guide him thither. The
kings replies that the pilots would be available “any
time”.
▰ The King of Mazaua eventually decided that he
would himself conduct Magellan to Zubu.
97

98. Case Study 1
▰ He asked for someone to guide him thither. The
kings replies that the pilots would be available “any
time”.
▰ The King of Mazaua eventually decided that he
would himself conduct Magellan to Zubu.
98

99. Case Study 1
6. Monday, April 1 – Magellan sent men ashore to help
with the harvest, but no work was done that day
because the 2 kings were sleeping off their drinking
bout the night before.
99

100. Case Study 1
7. Tuesday, April 2 and Wednesday, April 3 – work on
the harvest during the “next 2 days”
8. Thursday, April 4 – they left Mazaua, bound for
Cebu.
100

101. Case Study 1 (Analysis)
▰ Using the primary sources available, Jesuit priest
Miguel A. Bernad in his work Butuan or Limasawa:
The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A
Reexamination of Evidence (1981) lays down the
argument that in the Pigafetta account, a crucial
aspect of Butuan was not mentioned – the river.
101

102. Case Study 1 (Analysis)
▰ It must also be pointed out that later on, after
Magellan’s death, the survivors of his expedition
went to Mindanao, and seemingly went to Butuan.
▰ In this instance, Pigafetta vividly describes a trip in
a river. But note that this account already happened
after Magellan’s death.
102

103. The Age of Exploration
103

104. The Age of Exploration
▰ A period of competition among European rulers to
conquer and colonize lands outside their original
domains.
▰ Initially, the goal was to find alternative routes by
sea to get to Asia, the main source of spices and
other commodities.
104

105. The Age of Exploration
▰ Existing routes to Asia were mainly by land and
cost very expensive.
▰ A sea route to Asia means that Europeans could
access the spice trade directly, greatly reducing
costs for traders.
105

106. The Age of Exploration
▰ Spain’s major foray into the
exploration was through
Christopher Columbus, who
proposed to sail westward to
find a shortcut to Asia.
106

107. The Age of Exploration
▰ He was able to reach the Americas, which was then
cut-off from the rest of the known world.
▰ Spain colonized parts of North America, Mexico, and
South America in the 16th century.
107

108. The Age of Exploration
▰ They were also able to reach the Philippines and
claim it for the Spanish crown.
▰ Later on, other European rulers would compete with
the activities of exploring and conquering lands.
108

109. “Case Study 2:
What Happened in the
Cavite Mutiny?
109

110. Case Study 2
▰ 1872 – a historic year of 2 events: the Cavite
Mutiny and the martyrdom of the 3 priests:
Mariano Gomez, Jose Buros and Jacinto Zamora,
later on immortalized as GOMBURZA.
110

111. Case Study 2
▰ These events are very important milestones in the
Philippine history and have caused ripples
throughout times, directly influencing the decisive
events of the Philippine Revolution toward the end
of the century.
111

112. Case Study 2
▰ What made these year controversial are the different
sides to the story, a battle of perspectives supported
by primary sources.
112

113. Spanish Accounts of the
Cavite Mutiny
113

114. Case Study 2
Spanish Accounts of the Cavite Mutiny
▰ The documentation of Spanish historian Jose
Montero y Vidal centered on how the event was an
attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government in
the Philippines.
114

115. Case Study 2
Spanish Accounts of the Cavite Mutiny
▰ Another account from the official report written by
then Governor General Rafael Izquierdo
implicated the native clergy, who were then, active
in the movement toward secularization of parishes.
115

116. Primary Source: Excerpts
from Montero’s Account
of the Cavite Mutiny
116

117. Case Study 2
Primary Source: Excerpts from Montero’s Account
of the Cavite Mutiny
▰ Source: .Jose Montero y Vidal, “Spanish Version of
the Cavite Mutiny of 1872”, in George Zaide,
Documentary Source of Philippine History, Volume 7
117

118. Case Study 2
▰ The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of
the Cavite arsenal of exemption from the tribute
was, according to some, the cause of the
insurrection. There were however other causes.
118

119. Case Study 2
▰ The Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular
throne;
▰ The propaganda carried on by an unbridled press
against monarchical principles, attentatory of the
most sacred respects towards the dethroned
majesty;
119

120. Case Study 2
▰ The democratic and republican books and
pamphlets;
▰ The speeches and preaching of the apostles of these
new ideas in Spain;
120

121. Case Study 2
▰ The outbursts of the American publicists and
criminal policy of the senseless Governor whom the
Revolutionary government sent to govern the
Philippines, and who put in practice these ideas
were the determining circumstances which gave
rise, among certain Filipinos, to the idea of attaining
their independence.
121

122. Case Study 2
▰ It was toward this goal that they started to work,
with the powerful assistance of a certain section of
the native clergy, who out of spite towards friars,
made common cause with the enemies of the
mother country.
122

123. Case Study 2
▰ At various times but especially in the beginning of
year 1872, the authorities received anonymous
communications with the information that a great
uprising would break out against the Spaniards, the
minute, the fleet at the Cavite left for South, and
that all would be assassinated, including the friars.
▰ But nobody gave importance to these notices.
123

124. Case Study 2
▰ The conspiracy had been going on since the days of
La Torre with utmost secrecy.
124

125. Case Study 2
▰ At times, the principal leaders met either in the
house of Filipino Spaniard, D. Joaquin Pardo de
Tavera, or in that of native priest, Jacinto Zamora,
and these meetings were actually attended by the
curate of Bacoor, the soul of the movement , whose
energetic character and immense wealth enabled
him to exercise a strong influence.
125

126. Primary Source: Excerpts
from the Official Report
of Governor Izquierdo
126

127. Case Study 2
Primary Source: Excerpts from the Official Report
of Governor Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of
1872
▰ Source: Rafael Izquierdo, “Official Report on the
Cavite Mutiny”, in Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide,
Documentary Sources in Philippine History, Volume
7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990), 281-286
127

128. Case Study 2
▰ …It seems definite that the insurrection was
motivated and prepared by the native clergy, by the
mestizos and native lawyers, and by those known
here are as abogadillos…
128

129. Case Study 2
▰ The instigators protested against the injustice of
government in not paying the provinces for their
tobacco crop.
129

130. Case Study 2
▰ They encourage the rebellion by protesting what
they called the injustice of having obliged the
workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute starting
January 1 and to render personal service, from
which they were formerly exempted.
130

131. Case Study 2
▰ Up to now, it has not been clearly determined if they
planned to establish a monarchy or a republic,
because the Indios have no word in their language
to describe this different form of government, whose
head in Filipino would be hari; but it turns out that
they would place at the head of the government a
priest…
131

132. Case Study 2
▰ …that the head selected would be
D. Jose Burgos, or D Jacinto Zamora…
▰ Such is the plan of the rebels, those who guided
them, and the means they counted upon for its
realization.
132

133. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ It is apparent that the accounts underscore the
reason for the “revolution”: the abolition of
privileges enjoyed by the workers of the Cavite
arsenal such as exemption from payment of tribute
and being employed in polos y servicio, or force
labor.
133

134. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ They identified other reasons which included the
presence of native clergy, who, out of spite against
the Spanish friars “conspired and supported” the
rebels.
134

135. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ Izquierdo highlighted that attempt to overthrow the
Spanish government in the Philippines to install a
new “hari” in the presence of Fathers Burgos and
Zamora.
135

136. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ In the Spaniard’s accounts, the event of 1872 was
premediated, and was part of a big conspiracy
among the educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers, and
residents of Manila and Cavite. They allegedly plan
to liquidate high ranking Spanish officers, then kill
the friars.
136

137. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ The signal they identified among these conspirators
of Manila and Cavite was the rockets fired from
Intramuros.
137

138. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ The accounts detail that on January 20, 1872, the
district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the
Virgin of Loreto, and came with it were some
fireworks display. The Caviteños allegedly mistook
this as signal to commence with the attack.
138

139. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ The 200 men contingent led by Sergeant Lamadrid
attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized the
arsenal.
▰ Izquierdo ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish
forces in Cavite to quell the revolt.
139

140. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ The “revolution” was easily crushed, when the
Manileños who were expected to aid the Caviteños
did not arrive.
▰ Leaders of the plot were killed while Fathers Gomez,
Burgos and Zamora were tried by a court-martial
and sentenced to be executed.
140

141. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ Others who were implicated such as Joaquin Pardo
de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa,
and other Filipino lawyers were suspended from the
practice of law, arrested and sentence to life
imprisonment at the Marianas Islands.
141

142. Case Study 2 (Analysis)
▰ On February 17, 1872, the GOMBURZA were
executed to serve as a threat to Filipinos never to
attempt to fight the Spaniards again.
142

143. Differing Accounts of the
Events of 1872
143

144. Case Study 2
▰ Two other primary accounts exist that seem to
counter the accounts of Izquierdo and Montero.
First, the account of Dr.Trinidad Hermenegildo
Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher,
who wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident
in Cavite.
144

145. Primary Source: Excerpts
from Pardo de Tavera’s
Account of Cavite Mutiny
145

146. Case Study 2
Primary Source: Excerpts from Pardo de Tavera’s
Account of Cavite Mutiny
▰ Source: Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, “Filipino Version
of the Cavite Mutiny”, in Gregorio Zaide and Sonia
Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History,
Volume 7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990) 274-
280
146

147. Case Study 2
▰ According to this account, the incident was merely
a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of Cavite
arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from the
draconian policies of Izquierdo such as the abolition
of privileges and the prohibition of founding of the
school of arts and trades for Filipinos, which the
General saw as a smokescreen to creating a political
club.
147

148. Case Study 2
▰ Tavera is of the opinion that the Spanish friars and
Izquierdo used the Cavite mutiny as a way to
address other issues by blowing out of proportion
the isolated mutiny attempt.
148

149. Case Study 2
▰ The friars needed something to justify their
continuing dominance in the country, and the
mutiny provided such opportunity.
149

150. Primary Source: Excerpts
from Plauchut’s Account
of Cavite Mutiny
150

151. Case Study 2
Primary Source: Primary Source: Excerpts from
Plauchut’s Account of Cavite Mutiny
▰ Source: Edmund Plauchut, “The Cavite Mutniy of
1872 and the Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za” in
Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary
Sources of Philippine History, Volume 7 (Manila:
National Book Store, 1990) 251-268
151

152. Case Study 2
▰ Another account this time by French writer
Edmund Plauchut, complemented Tavera’s account
and analyzed the motivations of the1872 Cavite
Mutiny.
152

153. Case Study 2
▰ In this account, it was reflected that the friars used
the incident as a part of a larger conspiracy to
cement their dominance, which has started to show
cracks because of the discontent of the Filipinos.
153

154. Case Study 2
▰ The showcased the mutiny as part of a greater
conspiracy in the Philippines by Filipinos to
overthrow the Spanish government.
154

155. “
Case Study 3:
Did Rizal Retract?
155

156. Case Study 3
▰ The great volume of Jose Rizal’s lifework was
committed, particularly the more influential ones
Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
▰ His essays vilify not the Catholic religion, but the
friars, the main agents of injustice in the Philippine
society.
156

157. Case Study 3
▰ “The Retraction” a document purportedly exists,
allegedly signed by Rizal a few hours before his
execution that declares Rizal’s belief in Catholic
faith, and retracts everything he wrote against the
Church.
157

158. Primary Source: Rizal’s
Retraction
158

159. Case Study 3
Primary Source: Rizal’s Retraction
▰ Source: Translated from the document found by Fr.
Manuel Garcia, C.M. on May 18, 1935
159

160. Case Study 3
▰ I declare myself a catholic and in this Religion in
which I was born and educated I wish to live and
die.
▰ I retract with all my heart whatever in my words,
writings, publications and conduct has been
contrary to my character as son of Catholic
church…
160

161. Case Study 3
▰ …I believe and I confess whatever she teaches and I
submit to whatever she demands. I abominate
Masonry, as the enemy which is of the Church, and
as a Society prohibited by the Church…
161

162. Case Study 3
▰ …The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Supreme
Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this
spontaneous manifestation of mine in order to
repair the scandal which my acts may have caused
and so that God and people may pardon me.
Manila 29 December 1896
Jose Rizal
162

163. Case Study 3
▰ There are 4 iterations (copies) of the texts of this
this retraction:
▻ La Voz Española & Diario de Manila – Dec 30
▻ La Juventud in Barcelona, Spain, Feb 14, 1897
by an anonymous writer who was later revealed
to be Father Vicente Balaguer
▻ The “original” text was only found in the
archdiocesan archives on May 18, 1935.
163

164. Case Study 3
The Balaguer Testimony
▰ Only one eyewitness account of the writing of the
document – Jesuit friar Fr. Vicente Balaguer.
▰ Rizal woke up several times, confessed four times,
attended a Mass, received communion, and prayed
the rosary, all of which seemed out of character.
164

165. Case Study 3
▰ But since it is the only testimony of allegedly a
“primary” account that Rizal ever wrote a retraction
document, it has been used to argue the
authenticity of the document.
165

166. Case Study 3
The Testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia
▰ Another eyewitness account surface in 2016,
through the research of Professor Rene Escalante.
In his research, documents of the Cuerpo de
Vigilanci included a report on the last hours of
Rizal, written by Federico Moreno.
166

167. Primary Source:
Eyewitness Account of
the Last Hours of Rizal
167

168. Case Study 2
Primary Source: Eyewitness Account of the Last
Hours of Rizal
▰ Source: Michael Charleston Chua, “Retraction ni
Jose Rizal: Mga Bagong Dokumento at Pananaw,”
GMA News Online, published 29 December 2016.
168

169. Case Study 2
▰ …Rizal spoke for a long time with Jesuit fathers
March and Vilaclara, regarding religious matters, it
seems. It appears that these two presented him with
a prepared retraction on his life and deeds that he
refused to sign…
169

170. Case Study 2
▰ …At 3 in the afternoon, Father March entered the
chapel and Rizal handed him what he had written.
Immediately the chief of the firing squad, Señor del
Fresno and the Assistant of the Plaza, Señor Maure,
were informed. They entered death row and together
with Rizal signed the document that he accused
had written.
170

171. Case Study 2
▰ The account corroborates the existence of the
retraction document, giving it credence. However
nowhere in the account was Fr. Balaguer
mentioned, which makes the friar a mere secondary
source to the writing of the document.
171

172. Case Study 2
▰ The retraction of Rizal remains to this day, a
controversy: many scholars however, agree that the
document does not tarnish the heroism of Rizal. His
relevance remained solidified to Filipinos and
pushed them to continue the revolution, which
eventually resulted in independence in 1898.
172

173. “
Case Study 4:
Where did the Cry of
Rebellion Happen?
173

174. Case Study 4
▰ Momentous events swept the Spanish colonies in
the late 19th century, including the Philippines.
▰ Journalists of the time referred to the phrase “El
Grito de Rebellion” or “Cry of the Rebellion” to mark
the start of these revolutionary events, identifying
the places where it happened.
174

175. Case Study 4
▰ In the Philippines, this happened in August 1896,
northeast of Manila, where they declared rebellion
against the Spanish colonial government.
▰ These events are important markers in the history
of colonies that struggled for their independence
against the colonizers.
175

176. Case Study 4
▰ The controversy regarding this event stems from the
identification of the date and place where the Cry
happened.
▰ Prominent Filipino historian Teodoro Agoncillo
emphasizes the event when Bonifacio tore the
cedula or tax receipt before the Katipuneros who
also did the same.
176

177. Case Study 4
▰ Some writers identified the first military event with
the Spaniards as the moment of the Cry, for which,
Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned an “Himno de
Balintawak” to inspire the renewed struggle after
the Pact of Biak-na-Bato failed.
177

178. Case Study 4
▰ A monument of the Heroes of 1896 was erected in
what is now intersection of Epifanio de los Santos
Avenue (EDSA) and Andres Bonifacio Drive-North
Diversion road, and from then on until 1962, the
Cry of Balintawak was celebrated every 26th of
August.
178

179. Case Study 4
Different Dates and Places of the Cry
▰ Lt. Olegario Diaz – Balintawak, 25 August 1896
▰ Teodoro Kalaw – Kangkong, Balintawak, last wek of
August 1896
▰ Santiago Alvarez – Bahay Toro in Quezon City on
Aug 24, 1896
▰ Pio Valenzuela – Pugad Lawin, 23 Aug 1896
179

180. Case Study 4
Different Dates and Places of the Cry
▰ Gregorio Zaide – Balintawak, Aug 26, 1896
▰ Teodoro Agoncillo – Pugad Lawin, Aug 23, 1896 (P.
Valenzuela)
▰ Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion, Ramon
Villegas – Tandang Sora’s barn in Gulod, Brgy.
Banlat, Quezon City, 24 Au 1896.
180

181. Primary Source: Accounts
of the Cry
181

182. Case Study 4
Primary Source: Accounts of the Cry
Guillermo Masangkay
▰ Source: Guillermo Masangakay, “Cry of Balintawak”
in Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary
Sources of Philippine History, Volume 8 (Manila:
National Book Store, 199) 307-309
182

183. Case Study 4
▰ August 26th, a big meeting was held in Balintawak,
at the house of Apolonio Samson, the cabezza of
that barrio of Caloocan.
▰ Bonifacio, Jacinto, Aguedo del Rsario, Tomas
Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio
Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, Francisco Carreon
183

184. Case Study 4
▰ 9:00 in the morning, Andres Bonifacio presided the
meeting regarding the when the uprising was to
take place. But some of the leaders opposed to start
the revolt too early.
184

185. Case Study 4
▰ “…If we don’t start the uprising, the Spaniards will
get us anyway. What then do you say?”
▰ “Revolt!” the people shouted as one.
▰ “If it is true that you re ready to revolt…I want to
see you destroy your cedulas. It will be a sign that
all of us have declared our severance from the
Spaniards”.
185

186. Case Study 4
Pio Valenzuela
▰ Source: Pio Valenzuela, “Cry of Pugad Lawin” in in
Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary
Sources of Philippine History, Volume 8 (Manila:
National Book Store, 199) 301-302
186

187. Case Study 4
▰ The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio
Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo
del Rosario and Pio Valenzuela was Balintawak.
▰ The first five arrived on August 19, Valenzuela on
Aug 20, 1896
187

188. Case Study 4
▰ Aug 22, 1896 – 500 members of the Katipunan; house
and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong.
▰ Views were only exchanged and no resolution was
debated or adopted.
▰ It was at Pugad Lawin, the house, store-house, and
yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where
over 1000 members of the Katipunan met and carried
out considerable debate and discussion on Aug 23,
1896
188

189. Case Study 4
▰ The discussion was whether or not the revolution
against the Spanish government should be started on
August 29, 1896.
▰ After the meeting, many of those present tore their
cedula and shouted “Long live the Philippines!”
189

190. Case Study 4 (Analysis)
▰ Using primary and secondary sources, four places
have been identified: Balintawak, Kangkong, Pugad
Lawin, and Bahay Toro, while the dates vary: 23, 24,
25 or 26 August 1896.
190

191. Case Study 4 (Analysis)
Valenzuela’s account
▰ He once told the Spanish investigator that the “Cry”
happened in Balintawak on Wednesday, Aug 26,
1896.
▰ In his Memoirs of the Revolution – Pugad Lawin, 23
Aug 1896.
▰ Such inconsistencies in the accounts should always
be seen as a red flag when dealing with primary
sources.
191

192. Case Study 4 (Analysis)
▰ According to Guerrero, Encarnacion, and Villegas, all
these places are in Balintawak, the part of Caloocan,
now in Quezon City.
▰ Bonifacio and his troops may have been moving from
one place to another to avoid being located by the
Spanish government, which could explain why there
are several accounts of the Cry.
192

193. END OF CHAPTER 3
193