The fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms. The organisms in this group belong to the kingdom fungi. They contains a cell wall and is omnipresent. They are classified as heterotrophs among the living organisms.

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Jawad Ahmad
Sherpaoj5@gmail.com

2.  INTRODUCTION TO FUNGI
Fungi are eukaryote organisms which resemble higher plants
as both consists cell wall but lack chlorophyll.
They lack chlorophyll so cannot prepare their own food and are
heterotopic.
Chitin cell wall Chitin is a polymer of acetyl glucosamine.
generally filamentous and consists a structure called hyphae.
Each hyphae is eukaryotic and consists a distinct nucleus and
organelles.
decomposers Together with bacteria fungi are most decomposers
of the soil.
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3.  STRUCTURE OF FUNGI
HYPHAE:
fungi consists of filaments of cells called hyphae. Each of
hyphae is eukaryotic and consists a distinct nucleus with
cytoplasmic organelles.
CELL WALL:
Fungi consists of cell wall like plants but is composed of
chitin. Chitin is polymer composed of acetyl glucosamine
which is a glucose molecule containing acetyl and amine
group. It gives the cell wall rigidity and strength. 3

4. Septa and coenocyte:
Some fungi consists a separating wall among each cell which is
actually a boundary of distinct cells, but other lack this wall and
cytoplasm “s organelles mingle freely. According to presence or
absence of a separating wall they are divided to septa and
coenocyte.
Lack Chlorophyll:
fungi lack chlorophyll and cannot prepare their own food by the
process of photosynthesis, hence dependent on others and are
heterotrophs.
Saprobic:
fungi are saprobic organisms except some’ which are parasitic
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5.  REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI
In fungi both sexual and asexual reproduction takes place.
The main principal of asexual reproduction is the FRUITING
BODY. This structure often contains thousands of spores, all
resulting from the mitotic division of a single cell and all
genetically identical, each spore has the Capability of
germination to reproduce a new hypha that will become a
mycelium.
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7. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SPORANGIOSPORES
CONADIOPHORES
 BUDDING
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8. SPORANGIOSPORES
Certain spores develop within a sac
Called sporangium, while the spores
are called sporaingiopores.
Example of sporangiosphore is
Bread mold (RHIOZOPOUS)
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9. CONADIOPHORES
Other spores develop on structures called conidiophores.
Example of conidiophore is Blue-Green Mold
(PENECILLIUM).
Some asexual modes of reproduction do not develop a
fruiting body. For example spores may form by
fragmentation of the hypha. This process yields
arthrosporous.
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10. BUDDING
In this process the cell becomes swollen at one edge, and
a new cell called BLASTOSPORE or BUD develops from
the parent cell and breaks free to live independently.
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11. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
adventitious because it provides an opportunity for the evolution
of new genetic forms. better adapted to the environment than
parents. For example a fungus may resistant to fungicides as
a result of chromosomal changes during sexual
reproduction.
Two mating types are produced.
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12. When the mating types are present in the same
mycelium, it is called homothallic or self fertile.
Heterothallic require two different but compatible
mycelia to reproduce sexually.
 Fungi may be monoecious (bisexual) or desirous
(unisexual
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13. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Variation in the sexual process of reproduction provide
important criteria for classification of fungi. Fungi are
divided or classified to certain groups such as
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
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14. ZYGOMYCOTA
CARRECTORISED BY:
They are carrectorised by formation of sexual spores called
zygospores formed by the mating hyphae.
LIVE ON:
They live on dead or decaying organic matter.
PARACITIC AS WELL AS SYMBIOTIC:
They live as parasitic as well as symbiotic in nature. FOR EXAMPLE
rotting of breads, sweet potato's etc. is due to fungal attack.
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15. The common member of this group is common bread mold
RHIZOPOUS STOLONIFER. The hyphae of this fungi form a white
or gray mycelium on bread, with up right sporaingiopores each
bearing globular sporangia. These are a group of terrestrial fungi
with coenocyte hyphae. Both sexual and asexually produced
spores are
dispersed on air currents.
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16. ASCOMYCOTA
Carrectorised by:
They are carrectorised by production of sexualspores
called ascospores, within sac like asci so are commonly
called sac fungi.
SYMBIOTIC AS WELL AS PARACITIC
Some are parasitic in nature and parasitize plants
casing powdery mildew, such as Colitrichum
Cause red rot of sugar cane 16

17. EXAMPLES
PENICILLIUM; by which the wonder drug penicillin is obtained.
it is used for prevention of heart diseases,
also to treat pneumonia, headache,
this medication is also used to treat a variety of
Bacterial Infections.it works by stopping the growth
of bacteria.
Similarly yeast is also very important in bakers etc.
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18. BACIDIOMYCOTA
Carrectorised by:
They are carrectorised by club shaped basidia so there for called
club fungi.
The mycelia in them exists in three forms
1: PRIMERY 2: SECONEDRY 3: TERTIARY
PRIMERY mycelium is also called monokaryon in which each cell is
unicucleate possessing a haploid nucleus.
.
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19. SECONEDARY mycelium is formed by interaction with primary
mycelium. It consists of dikaryon cells which has two haploid
nucleus.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION occurs by classical methods found in
other groups of fungi
EXAMPLES
AGARACUS (Mushroom) and PUCCINIA
GRAMINIS TRITICHI (rust and smut) are
some Examples.
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20. IMPORTANCE
FUNGI IN FOOD INDUSTRY:
YEAST has been used by humans through out
recorded history.
Saccaramycota cerevisae (yeast) is used in
baking and wine making industry. It has got
ability to ferment carbohydrates, breaking
down glucose to produce ethanol and
carbon dioxide. 20

21. FUNGI IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
• PENICILLIN the first discovered antibiotic is produced by
Penicillium chrysogenum. Similarly
• CEPHALPSPORIN is most widely used broad spectrum antibiotic,
obtained from Cephalosporiam acremonium and related
species.
• GRISEOFULVIN is an antibiotic used against fungal infections of
hair, nails, skin, athlete's foot and ringworm.
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22. EDIBLE FUNGI:
Mushroom is considered popular food throughout the world.
Mushroom pizza are famous for their taste. The ascocarp of
Morchella esculanta is highly prized for
their complex flavor. Yeast is also used as
nutritional supplement because of high
level of B VITAMINS and proteins.
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