review of zoonotic diseases in livestock

1. Healthy Animals, Healthy People

2. What Are We Going to Learn About?
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• What are zoonotic diseases?
• How do zoonotic diseases spread?
• What are the signs and symptoms in animals?
• What are the signs and symptoms in people?
• How can zoonotic diseases be prevented?
• What is biosecurity?

3. What Are Zoonotic Diseases?
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Scientists estimate that more than 6 in every 10 known
infectious diseases in people are spread from animals

4. How Do Zoonotic Diseases Spread?
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Indirect Contact
Foodborne
Direct Contact
Vectorborne
Photo courtesy of CDC Photo courtesy of CDC
Photo courtesy of thesrpucepets.com
Photo courtesy of vintag.es

5. Routes of Transmission
• Zoonotic spread of disease agents
– Animal human
• Different modes
of transmission
– Aerosol
– Direct contact
– Fomite
– Oral
– Vector-borne

6. Anyone can become sick from a zoonotic disease,
including healthy people and healthy animals.
Why Do Zoonotic Diseases Matter?
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People can come into contact with animals in many
places.
Photos courtesy of CDC

7. Common Zoonotic Diseases of North
America
• Campylobacteria
• E coli
• Worms
• Salmonella
• Influenza
• Ringworm
• Hookworm
• Rabies
• Lepto
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8. Enteric Zoonotic Diseases:
Campylobacteriosis
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• Common hosts: cattle, poultry,
pigs
• Caused by Campylobacter
bacteria
• aka “Campy”
• What to avoid: Undercooked
food, contaminated water, raw
milk, manure
Photo courtesy of CDC

9. Maine Department of Health and Human
Services
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10. Enteric Zoonotic Diseases:
E. coli infection
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• Caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli)
bacteria
• Some can be Shiga-toxin
producing E. coli (STEC) and can
cause severe disease
• What to avoid: Undercooked
food, contaminated water, raw
milk, manure

11. Enteric Zoonotic Diseases:
Salmonellosis
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• Caused by Salmonella bacteria
• Common hosts: cattle, chickens,
reptiles, amphibians
• What to avoid: Contaminated
food, manure, touching reptiles

12. Enteric Zoonotic Diseases:
Ascariasis (worms)
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• Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm) parasite
• Common hosts: pigs
• What to avoid: Contaminated
vegetables/ fruit, manure
Photo courtesy of CDC

13. Signs In Animals
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• Animals often appear healthy
• Diarrhea (especially in young animals)

14. How Can I Prevent These Diseases?
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... in Animals
• Keep environment clean
• Avoid sharing
equipment/allowing contact
with other herds
• Regular deworming for
parasites
• Routine veterinary care for
herd health
Photo courtesy of globalnews.ca

15. Signs And Symptoms In Humans
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• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Nausea
• Dehydration
• Stomach pain
Image courtesy of CDC

16. How Can I Prevent These Diseases?
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… in Humans
• Always wash hands
• after handling animals, their
manure, bedding, etc.
• before eating
• after handling raw meat.
• Always wash produce
• Cook food thoroughly
• Do not drink raw milk
• Cook your FOOD
Photo courtesy of Lippincott NursingCenter

17. How Should I Wash My Hands?
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Wet your hands with clean,
running water and apply soap.
Lather your hands by rubbing
them together with the soap.
Scrub your hands for at least
20 seconds.
Rinse your hands well under
clean, running water.
Dry your hands using a clean
towel or air dry them.

18. Why Have I Not Gotten Sick?
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How many times have you had diarrhea and
not known why?
Signs and symptoms are often
overlooked in healthy people
People who spend a lot of time
around animals can develop
immunity to some diseases

19. Special Vector Born Illnesses
Lyme and west Nile
Maine Department of Health and Human
Services
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20. Lyme Disease
• Treatment - antibiotics
• Prognosis
– Treatable in dogs
– People treatable if treated early
– Difficult to cure chronic infections in people
• Prevention
– control ticks
– Non-core vaccine
available for dogs

21. Lyme Disease
• Common in dogs and humans and horses
(not cats)
• Prevalent only in certain areas – check with
your vet
• Transmission
– deer ticks - Ixodes spp.
– must be attached for at least 24 hours, to
cause infection

22. toxoplasmosis
• Cats play an important role in the spread
• People can be infected by:
– Accidental ingestion of oocysts after cleaning a
cat’s litter box
– Accidental ingestion of oocysts in contaminated
soil (e.g., not washing hands after gardening or
eating unwashed fruits or vegetables from a
garden)
– Accidental ingestion of oocysts after touching or
ingesting anything that has come into contact with
a cat’s feces
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23. Maine Department of Health and Human
Services
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24. Leptospirosis
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The bacteria that
cause Leptospirosis
are spread
through the urine of
infected animals,
which can get into
water or soil and can
survive there for
weeks to months

25. Hookworm
• Puppies and kittens are especially likely to
have hookworm infections
• People may become infected while walking
barefoot or when exposed skin comes in
contact with contaminated soil or sand.
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26. Ringworm
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27. Misc. Zoonotic Diseases
• Diseases spread through afterbirth
• Plague…yes that plague
Plague is a zoonotic disease
affecting rodents and
transmitted by fleas from rodents
to other animals and to humans.
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28. What Is Influenza?
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• Caused by influenza virus
• aka “the flu”
• Common hosts: humans, pigs,
birds
• What to avoid: Direct and
indirect contact with infected
animals and people

29. Why Is Influenza Concerning?
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• Influenza can be serious and even deadly in
humans and animals
• The influenza virus changes often (mutates)
• Hard to prevent
• Can get more than once
• Influenza in one species can change and infect
another species
Image courtesy of CDC

30. How Does Influenza Mutate?
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Avian virus
New influenza virus
Avian virus
Swine virus

31. Signs Of Influenza Carriers
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Images courtesy of Kindersay.com and
dreamstime.com

32. What Do I Do If My Animal Is Sick?
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Call your veterinarian
Quarantine (Isolation)-
Keep sick animal away
from other animals and
people
Photo courtesy of Biosecurity Nova Scotia
Photo courtesy of Pocket Farm

33. How Can I Prevent Influenza?
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• Keep area clean
• Avoid contact with sick
animals or sick people
• Talk to a veterinarian
… in Animals
The Best Prevention is to Avoid Sources
of Exposure

34. Signs And Symptoms Of Influenza In Humans
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Fever of 100°F or higher
Sore throat
Cough
Muscle/body aches
Headaches
Fatigue (tiredness)
Runny/stuffy nose
Images courtesy of Shutterstock

35. What Do I Do If I Am Sick?
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• Cover your cough and sneeze
• Stay at home
• Minimize contact with animals
and other people
• Call your healthcare provider
• SPECIAL NOTE: Tell your healthcare
provider if you have recently been
around pigs or chickens.
Photo courtesy of CDC

36. How Can I Prevent Influenza?
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• Wash hands frequently
• Cover your cough
• Stay at home when sick
• Vaccinate
• Annual seasonal vaccine
for humans
• Avoid contact with sick
people and sick animals
…in Humans
Photo courtesy of CDC

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Who Else Is At Risk For Getting Sick?
Visitors and the public!
• These diseases can be severe or even deadly for young
children and anyone with a weakened immune system
• The goals is to keep ourselves, our animals, and people
visiting our animals safe
Photo courtesy of CDC

38. What can pet owners do to protect themselves and
their pets from zoonotic diseases?
 Vaccinate pets, especially against rabies
 Provide protection against external parasites like fleas and
ticks
 Test and treat to control internal parasites
 Periodic physical examinations for pets to increase likelihood
that vaccinations and de-wormings are appropriately done
 Contact a veterinarian for examination and treatment of a
newly adopted or rescued animals.

39. What Is Biosecurity?
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Biosecurity= steps to help prevent the introduction and
spread of disease
• Keeps your animals safe from the introduction of new
germs
• Helps minimize the spread of existing germs
• Helps prevent sickness from spreading TO or FROM
humans and animals

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• Encourage healthy interactions between animals
and people
• Ask people to wash their hands before and after
handling your animals
• Discourage kissing animals, driving strollers through
barns, using pacifiers that could be dropped, etc.
• Keep human eating areas away from animal areas
Biosecurity: What Can You Do?

41. Biosecurity: What Can You Do?
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• Do not share equipment with other farms
• Even healthy animals can pass germs
• Keep your area clean and organized
• Separate any animals who appear to possibly
be sick
• Do not bring suspected ill animals to fairs
Biosecurity: What Can You Do?

43. Personal Zoonotic Stories
• I have a gecko-salmonella
• Chickens-Salmonella and
Campylobacter
• Rodent, we have a Chinchilla-Plague, Ebola?
• Cats-Toxoplasmosis, ringworm
• Dogs -hookworms, giardia
• Sheep goats and cows-Ecoli, salmonella, brucella
• Fleas Ticks worms protozoa
• Lyme and Anaplasmosis (jason)
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44. Dr. Eleanor Acworth
All Animal Veterinary Services in Modena, New York
(845) 255-2900
Jason Detzel
CCE Ulster Livestock Specialist
jbd222@cornell.edu
More resources via your email!
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Additional Information and Resources:
Icons curtesy of Flaticon

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Questions or Comments?