Options for Making Cities Cool and Sustainable

Metamorphises for
Making Cities Cool
Ar. J.K.GUPTA,
Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com, Mob- 90410-26414
Options for Making Cities Cool
Options for Making Cities Cool

Cities and their Context
• Cities have been part of human history.
• - Cities- known to command power and authority
• Cities -- known for their dualities and contradictions.
• Cities- known for both -- positivities and negativities
• Cities -- known to be areas of concentration of population/ activities,
infrastructures, services, healthcare, education
• Cities -- known to be Engines of economic growth-70%
• Cities - generators of employment , wealth and prosperity,
• Cities – also known for their negativities,
• Cities – large consumers of resources/energy/ land
• Cities- generators of - 70% waste;-- consume 60% global energy -
generating 70% of carbon footprints- large amount of heat-
• --98% /56% cities in low& middle/high income economies - do not meet
air quality WHO norms Cities- remain a manmade , mechanical habitat
• Cities- destroy natural habitat-anti-thesis to bio-diversity
• Cities- known to be creator of best/ worst living conditions
• cities – house both rich and poor

Cities and their Context
• Cities- home to large migrants
• Cities- home to slums
• Cities- remain in crisis- both -natural and manmade
• Crisis-- of population, poverty, pollution
• Cities – ever evolving and devolving, never static
• Cities – will dominate in future also
• Cities- drivers/definers of nation’s future
• Cities largely responsible for climate change ,global
warming, manmade disasters etc-
• However Cities - needs rationalization
• Cities --need to be made Cool– by making them more
bio-diverse; productive, effective, efficient, humane,
• - livable, inclusive, safe, Resilient ,sustainable, Healthy
place to live /work

Hierarchy of Human Settlements

Urban Crisis
• Urban crisis/ problems has genesis in--
• – uncontrolled/ unplanned rapid growth /development
• - Irrational way in which built environment is created
• -Way people are made to travel large distances
• --Urbanization & global warming remain positively related,
• Cities getting warmer with rising temperature
• Research shows - urban areas can be 20 F hotter- surrounding/Rural areas
• - even within cities-- one neighborhood 15 degrees hotter than another.
• poor neighborhoods-- hotter than rich neighborhood.
• Intensity/duration of heat waves increasing
• Majority of cities on boil
• - Large causalities happening due to excessive heat
• Globally cities getting into crisis.
• --Jakarta -- sinking;
• --New Delhi-- shutting down due to air pollution;
• - Marseille, France- residential buildings collapsing - lack of
maintenance

Impact of Urban Crisis
• By 250; seven in 10 people will live in cities
• Rising urban temperature impact -humanity/communities /cities--
• - Making human beings most vulnerable
• --Rising Mortality- due to- strokes - when temperatures head above 25C.
• - Cities exposed to extreme temperatures-- Triple over next decades.
• -970 cities-- experiencing average summer temperature of 35˚C (95°F).
• • People exposed to heat waves jumped by --125 mil- between 2000 -2016
(WHO)
• America- Extreme heat --killing more Americans than any other natural
disaster.
• Extreme heatwave in summer 2018, --declared natural disaster with--
thousands hospitalized in Tokyo city,
• UK-heat-related deaths - to increase 257% by 2050 and 535% by 2080.
• • Moscow- recorded about 11,000 people due to heatwave in 2010.
• • India- lost 4.3% working hours -1995; & 5.8% in 2030- due to stress
caused by excess heat(IMD).

Impact of Urban Crisis
• Studies say-- average summer temperatures -to rise rapidly in both
hemispheres in next 40 years
• - In Northern hemisphere- high temp- above 35C (95F) between June -August
• - In Southern hemisphere- average summer temperatures above 35 C-- first
time since records began
• . India -- also getting hotter
• -Rajasthan/ Madhya Pradesh/ Gujrat and Haryana- 54% of total heat waves.
• April, 2022 --recorded hottest month in north-west/central India - third hottest
since past 122 years.
• 15% population-- living in 13% of districts -- vulnerable to heat waves.
• Rising temperatures – threat to- existence / survival of- humanity , flora &
fauna and planet earth.
• Despite Adverse results-- rising urban temperature - received less attention
• -- by professionals / stakeholders,- to Control heat/ flooding, storms,
drought.
• professionals/ communities need attention- threat/risk posed by heat
seriously.
•

Urban Heat- Genesis
• -- Deadly heat baking cities because ;;
• -Rapid population growth/massive migration in hotter regions of world.
• -High population density-- buildings concentrated in limited area.
• --- Urban canyons formed -between buildings, trapping heat - making
urban streets warm
• - Cities being metalled / made impervious,- with concrete /asphalt
roads/pavements
• -- urban surface, absorbing/radiating sun’s rays.
• • Less open spaces/ less green covers
• -- Reduced number of trees /flora & fauna.
• --Heat emitted by vehicles -moving/stuck in traffic on urban roads
• • Extensive use of air-conditioning in buildings for cooling
• waste heat generated by air conditioners- pumped into air;
• -- heating outdoors -- to cool indoors,
• -- making external spaces hot /more uncomfortable.
• • Large consumption of energy to make buildings cool,
• with estimated energy needed for cooling buildings to triple by 2050.

Options for
Making
cities
Sustainable

URBAN INDIA- 2030- Mckinsey Global Inst-
• India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities-
Report- April, 2010 -- by 2030:
• 590 m to live in Urban India- twice the US population
• 70% GDP generated by cities
• 80% Revenue generated by cities
• 4 fold increase in per capita income
• 5 times the number by which GDP would multiply
• 270 million net increase in working age group
• 70% of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities
• 91 M urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M
• 68 Cities will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only
• $ 1.2T capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand
• 700-900 million Sqmts of residential/ commercial area needed
annually- a new Chicago to be created
• 2.5 b Sqmts roads paved-20times created in last decade
• 7400km (350-400 km/year) of metro needed -20times created in last
decade
• 200 million Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities
• 75%urban India to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day

Opting for
SDG 11-
Making cities
Sustainable

SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements
inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable

Options for Urban Sustainability
• Empowering cities- to increase resilience to climate change by;
• -Redefining Urban Planning- by Making urban planning responsive to
Urban cooling
• -Fostering decarbonization across energy, transport, building •
• -Planning with Nature, Sun , Space, Greenery
• -Undertaking Heat & vulnerability mapping -for measuring urban heat
• Finding Heat mitigation Solutions including
• -Greening Cities
• -Rationalizing/Re-ordering Transportation
• - Valuing Orientation/ Wind
• -Making cities Porous
• - Making Buildings Green
• - Greening/ Making Roof Cool
• -Creating Urban forests
• - Making optimum use of water
• - Managing Heat wave emergency --- creating Cooling Centers
• - Using Alternative cooling techniques.

Re-defining Planning/Development Agenda
- --Reviewing planning tool
- New order of planning -to focus
on Regional Planning:
- -for Synergizing urban and rural
areas
--Making cities compact
-- Making cities energy efficient
--Planning cities for bio-diversity
– -- Avoiding Urban Sprawl
-- Stopping melting of cities
– - Empowering/capacity building of
villages – making them productive
and self-sufficient in daily needs..
-- reducing carbon footprints
– - Reducing global warming

Planning with
Nature&
Natural
Resources

CO
BS
WO
RKING
LIVING
CIRCULATIO
N
• The Radiant City
•An organism capable of housing the
works of man of machine-age society.
• placed under the masterful
government of natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is the service of
mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying this
hierarchy)

Compact City- Heat Reduction
• Heat reduction ignored in urban planning/architecture- temperatures rising
• All citizens entitled to- thermally safe indoor/ outdoor environment
• Making Cities Cool-Changing City planning /Building design options - from
expanding / sprawling
• Compact Cities -offer distinct advantages-
• Minimize expositing earth surface to solar radiation.
• Promoting walkability- Minimising area under road – replacing roads by
streets, easily shaded by adjoining buildings
• - Changing materials/ built form- responsible for heating cities.
• Cities dominated by dark/hard materials – concrete, asphalt, paving – absorb
solar radiation- conventional paving heated up to 67 C & roofs up to 50–90 C,
on hot day.
• Phasing out -- use of black or dark roofs, in warm climates,
• Applying white- coloured coatings to roads, roofs / facades,
• - Reflect more solar energy/ save city from prevailing high temperature.
• For promoting Cool cities ;- Making buildings Green
• -Paris, rationalized mobility by- creating new bike lanes / limiting speed limit to
30 km/h for motorized traffic.
• - Havana, Cuba-- promoted urban agriculture on large scale
• --Curitiba, Brazil, -- pioneered art of bus based mass transportation,

PLANNING COMPACT CITIES
Make cities compact by;
– promoting High-density development
-- adopting Transit oriented development
-- Raising Height and
-Rationalizing land uses / Building bye-laws
-Building inside not outside
--- Building vertical not horizontal
--- Building High not low
--- Building mix not pure
---Building dense not shallow
----- optimizing current infrastructure.
.

COMPACT CITY- Jaisalmer - Rajasthan

Curitiba's BRT corridors run along
high-density developed area

Valuing Orientation
• Role/importance of orientation - not fully understood / appreciated in
Planning/making cities
• Orientation - positioning plots/buildings -considering four cardinal
directions; NSEW - four other subsidiaries directions;
• Each direction unique/distinct- strength and weaknesses, - in terms of solar
radiation /heating/cooling of cities/buildings
• If North has no Sun; -- South has highest Solar Intensity - Sun low/horizontal
- – West side hottest-- Avoid West direction for minimizing heat gain.
• Making cities cool -- essentially require that while planning
• -- maximum plots/lots carved
• - have best advantage of orientation. SE /NW could be best option
• - Once plots have best orientation,
• - much easier for architects to plan climate responsive buildings
• Place Longer axis of building facing north-south direction,
• -- with shorter sides facing East-West remains best option for minimizing
adverse impact of buildings in heating the cities.

Tower of Shadow- SunTemple;Chd.

Planning for spaces in buildings

Leveraging Wind For Cooling Cities

Leveraging Wind For Cooling Cities
- Leveraging Potential of wind -in cooling cities / reducing temperature by;
• - mapping prevailing direction of wind-flow
• - integrating wind flow in planning process of city/NHs.
• - Orienting urban roads /streets/houses to face wind direction.
- for washing away/ siphoning off excessive heat trapped in
streets/buildings
--making cities cool- specially in coastal areas
-settlements located close to water bodies; - remain warm/ high degree
of humidity, throughout year.
- Staggering positioning of buildings - for reducing urban heat island
effect
 -- by taking away heat trapped within high rise buildings.
 --Accordingly, existing air flow pattern – essential/ integral component
 --- while planning of cities;
 -- undertaking sub-division of land and
 -- positioning of buildings.
 -- designing of Buildings

TIANJIN- Master Plan
..
1. Land-use Planning –Making city compact—providing mix land
uses – promting Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
2.
2. Transport Planning -Green transport .—Large trips via public transport ;
bicycles and walking
3. Green and Blue Network Planning---extensive green (vegetation)
and blue (water) networks – for quality living /working environment.
4. Water bodies --linked for circulation – enhancing ecology , environment ,
recreational activities.
5. A wastewater pond -rehabilitated /transformed into a clean/beautiful lake.

Green City of World –Musdar –
Abu Dhabi-UAE
 A city of 50,000population
 City of no cars , no waste
Planned to make use of cool sea winds
Using solar energy on rooftop
Narrow streets shading houses
Total recycling of waste/water
 working/ living area-- not farther
than200 mts from transportation nodes.
Electric powered light rail on elevated
track to permit easy transport between
Musdar and Abu Dhabi.
•for Intra-city travel people use
personal rapid transit pods (PRT) run on
magnetic tracks using electric power.
•Aim is to create:
Zero Carbon
Zero Waste
Zero Car city

ISSUES:--Heterogeneous Traffic
•increasing individual vehicle ownership;
•low road capacity; poor road geometry;
•large obsolete vehicular population;
• inefficient/ inadequate public
transportation;
• high degree of environmental pollution;
• low priority for traffic planning; ;
•Low priority to bicycles/pedestrians
• poor traffic management;
• mismatch between vehicle density/
road capacity;
•multiplicity of agencies involved
• absence of unified traffic regulatory
authority;
• acute problems of parking;
•high rates of accidents etc.
TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA

Transportation- Options
• Minimize travel- Making cities compact-
• Planning for mixed land-use/ TOD
• Changing priority for travel-
• Planning for People-- not for vehicles
• Promoting Accessibility-- Not Mobility
• Promoting Cycling- not Cars
• Promoting Mass Transportation
• Pricing Roads
• Making Equitable allocation of road space

Defining Sustainable Transport
• Sustainable Transport --
• -- sometimes known as Green Transport
• -- form of transport that does not use / rely
on dwindling natural resources.
• -- relies on renewable /regenerated energy
• -- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life
expectancy

•Promoting use of Bicycle as
preferred mode of travel for majority
of intra- city travel being :
 Most inexpensive
 Most flexible
 Environmental friendly
 Zero pollution
 Zero Energy Vehicle
 Occupying minimum road space
 Requiring minimum Parking
Space
 Promoting National Economy
 Promoting Human Health
 Reducing depletion of Non-
renewable resources
 Best option for travelling over
short distance.
SMART TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING

.
EQUITABLE
ALLOCATION
OF
ROAD SPACE

.
SINGAP-
ORE
MODEL
OF
ROAD
PRICING

Cool Roads
• If white roofs in New York- In Los Angeles- it is
roads, as major cause of heating cities.
• Occupying > 10 % city area with black asphalt-
absorbing up to 95% of sun’s energy – creating
heat island
• Painting roads -- with white-coloured sealant
with high reflectivity --reduction of 10- 23F
cooler after painting.
• Opt for lighter clay tiles—reflect sunlight quite
well.
• .

Coating Roads- Reflective White

Green Spaces- Cooling Cities
• Green spaces - known for distinct advantage in urban setting;;
 lowering urban temperature
 Making Cities Cool
 reducing demand for air- conditioning
 - reducing & absorbing - heat
 Acting as sponge- for absorbing floodwaters/minimize flooding
 making neighborhood qualitative / beautiful,
 providing shade -during a heat wave,
 promoting good mental health.
 Creating jobs - planning, developing/ maintaining green
spaces.
 ,

Green Spaces- Cooling Cities
 , Trees, vegetation – best, efficient/cost-effective option to cool cities,
 - not by reflecting but by absorbing heat which falls on them.
 on a hot day, vegetation- powerful tool to fight against excessive city heat ,
 greenery - provides & stimulates evapotranspiration
 - absorbing pollutants from air /producing oxygen,
 - developing parks / growing trees- creating calm spaces
 - deploying “cool” roofs- making walls green - shading pavements – create
light colour -known for absorbing/reflecting sunlight
• -Prioritising trees in EWS/LIG communities –saving from ill effects of heat.
--Creating city forest- regenerative nature of forests, attract birds / lower urban
temperature
• involve local residents/communities for greening
• - Making Greening integral part of city planning.
• Each mature tree generates seven cylinders of oxygen besides
creating cooling equivalent to 5 tonnes of air conditioning on daily basis

Trees- Man Ratio
A human breathes about 9.5 tonnes of air /year
-- oxygen only makes up about 23 % of air by mass
-- One third of oxygen from each breath-- 740kg of oxygen / year.-
- -- roughly, seven / eight trees’ worth.

Central Park New York- 700 Acs Vaux and
Olmsted'

Planning Gardens for making value addition/
Recreation of people-Moghul Garden PINJORE

Chandigarh Master Plan- Le Corbusier

Today Curitiba boasts > 50 sq metres of green space
per person. Buenos Aires’s two sq meters / person

BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF
RESOURCES
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world’s
CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of the residents having sick building syndrome
( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Buildings planned, designed and operated with utmost care
for considerations--- energy/ sustainability/resources

Buildings and Climate
• Buildings responsible for-- global warming, climate change/ increasing
carbon footprints. buildings - warming planet earth/ raising
• Need to make buildings supportive of cooling cities /moderating
temperature
• buildings designed/operated with nature-- sun, space and greenery, --
Evolving Passive design of buildings,
• minimizing building-led heating- critical role of building envelop.
• -- Major heat gain/ loss through building envelop.
• Within buildings envelop- building façade/ roof gain/lose heat
• - greatest challenges posed by-fully-glazed facades.
• - building trap lot of unwanted heat in summer.
• - Facades need shading to minimize solar radiation.
• -- Need shielding glass from adverse impact of direct/reflected solar
radiation.
• -Mechanical systems used to move with local weather/ of the sun,
for allowing filtered light / views =while protecting inhabitants from sun
• buildings made of wood /natural resources -- reduces heat absorption
When compared to buildings- using steel conc/rete

Defining- Green Buildings
•Buildings can achieve zero carbon by; Adopting Integrated
approach to design-Planning with nature, natural elements,
Climate, Evolving passive building design,- eliminating using
fossil fuel --for heating, cooling /air conditioning
• using on-site/off-site renewable energy,Retrofitting Buildings
•reducing use of high global warming potential refrigerants

Daylighting
Local materials
Indian Way of approaching design
• Rediscovery of the Indian ethos
– We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites
Jal (Water) Water Efficiency
Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight
Views
Water body

Designing Green Buildings
• Green building design involves :
• i. Designing building in harmony with nature– using natural resources
ii. Optimizing use of site potential
• iii Specify 'green' building materials sourced locally
• Iv Reducing structural loads---
• V Optimize systems---
• Vi Generating on-site renewable energy.
vii Finding balance between building and environment
viii Promoting energy reduction
• ix Preparing plans with energy as focus,
• x Making best use of sun and wind energy
xi Involving cooperation of design team at all stages– Architects,
Engineers, Promoters
• xii Minimizing water consumption
• xiii Using non-toxic, sustainable materials
• xiv Preserving/promoting environment in design, construction and operation
• xv Promoting quality of life-- of occupants in design, construction and operation
xvi Promoting re-use and recycling
xvii Ensuring Good indoor environmental air quality
Green Building practice expands/ complements
- economy,
-utility,
-durability,
-comfort.

Building Envelope
• Building envelope;
• -Divides – natural / Manmade Environment
• -First line of defense- against natural forces – rain , heat,
cold, storm
• Barrier-- between interior/exterior of a building
• Controls-- exchange of air/water/heating/ cooling in
interior.
• Components constituting Envelope;-- Roof, Walls, Doors,
Windows, Foundations, Projections, Recesses, Louvers;
shading devices
• Envelop- Involves structural loads , air, heat, moisture
loads.
• Colour/texture- contributes to heat gain/loss within

Mashrabiya used in Al Bahr Towers

Cool Roof- Advantages
 Reducing temperature within/outside buildings by minimizing heat
island effect,
 Decreasing energy use /energy costs within buildings
 Improving air & water quality within/outside neighborhood
 Sequestering carbon,
 Providing habitat for wildlife -- in urban areas
 Meeting deficiency of green spaces in walled cities/congested areas
 Avoiding flooding cities- Reducing amount/ intensity/
 duration of storm water release
 Creating space for socialization - for families and communities
 Increasing life of roof-- by protecting them from adverse impact of
climate
 New York Cool Roofs initiative - more than 500,000m² of roof space
covered in white reflective coating,- saving an estimated 2,282 tonnes
of CO2 per year
 NASA concluded - white roof could be-- 23C (42F) cooler than a typical
black roof --on hottest day of New York summer

Public housing --Singapore, seven 50-story towers
connected by 1,600-foot-recreational “sky garden.”
-- high-density development
accommodating growth in compact city-state.

Singapore-- Super trees in 250-acre Gardens by Bay.
-- High-tech structures range from 80 to 160 feet
-- collect solar energy to power a nightly light show.
-- trunks are vertical gardens, laced with more than 150,000 living plants.

Landscaping- Interiors/Exteriors

Window-wall ratio
(WWR)
Window-wall ratio;-- ratio of window area to exterior
wall -- important for determining energy performance
of building.-- Windows -cause energy loss/gain- twice
more than wall-impacts heating, cooling, lighting,
ventilation.-Size/number of windows - designed
according to climatic conditions. -- high-performance
glazing - reduces solar heat gains through windows

Solar Shading
• Solar control / shading --directly impact -- energy efficiency
• --cooling load minimized to one-fourth of building’s load.
• -Shading devices – fins/ chajjas (overhangs) designed
• --to get a minimum exposure of sun in summer
• -- while allowing winter sun inside the space.
• -- helps in regulating /reducing electrical load on building.
• -- Solar orientation important
• -- while designing an effective shading device.
• -- Some solar shading elements -- trees, hedges, overhangs,
vertical fins, low-shading coefficient glass, blinds, and
louvers

Cooling Cities with Water
• Principle- Evaporation causes cooling
• used in old buildings - leveraged strength of water in
promoting cooling /lowering the temperature
• - Making cities spongy -retaining water in soil
• -- lowers temperature by releasing moistures
• - help in making trees/vegetation grow
• - Temperatures taken adjacent to water features - up to 10
C lower
• - Leveraging existing water bodies, pools, fountains,
sprinklers and misting system
• -Creating new water bodies
• - Chandigarh modulate city temperature by creating
inartificial Sukhna lake
• - Chongqing /China , known for heat provided cooling
by using water misters – created cooling by 5-7 C,

Future Cities-Conceptual
Ultima Tower- 2Mile High Sky City
•Location: Any densely populated urban
environment
•Date: 1991
•Cost: $150,000,000,000
•Population: 1,000,000 people
•Exterior surface area of building: 150,000,000 sft.
•Enclosed volume: 53,000,000,000 cubic feet
•Total enclosed acreage: 39,000 acres-156 sectors
•Elevator speed: 20 feet per second (13 miles per
hour) 9 minutes and 40 seconds to reach top floor
from ground floor.
•Dimensions: Height--10,560 feet;
•Diameter at the base--6000 feet;
•Number of stories--500;
•Total Square Feet: Approximately 5,000,000 sft

Earth Scraper – Mexico City
• Location- Mexico City
• Depth 300 m below ground
• Designed as Inverted Pyramid
• Glass floor to cover 240 mtrs X
240 mtrs. hole in cities main
square to filter natural light
• Preserve the cities historic
centre and heritage buildings
surrounding square.
• Interior of building to look
natural.
• Building to be city”s top retail
destination.

Mile-High Tower-
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Location Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Cost US$28.5 billion
• Height 1 mile (1,600 m; 5,280 ft)
• Floor area 3,530,000 m2 (38,000,000 sft)
• Capacity 80,000 people
• The tower will have -275 floors
• Lobby upto 5 th floor
• Offices 6- 50 floors
• Five-star hotel &Conference halls 51-75 floors
• Deluxe residential units 76-195 floors and
• Retail facilities 196-275 floors
• Alternate Energy Generation 196-275 floors
• Status of project
-- Already under construction since 2008

Using Smart Technologies-
Implementing IOT- Traffic, Transportation, Urban
Planning, managing infrastructures/services, solid
waste management, parking, pollutions, payments etc
- digital --bus stops- bus schedule,
--sensor based garbage bins
- Promoting accessibility
-Managing Traffic/parking – Managing services
Minimizing travel --Tackling noise- Planning
cities-
Preparing Master Plans/ Development Plans
- Making amendment in MP/DP
- Monitoring Delivery of services- water supply
--Tackling air pollution
--creating platform for efficiency--breaking silos
-- lodging complaints/ --making payments on line
--rendering services on line

Jaimy Learner- Mayor Curitiba-
BRTS, TOD, Spongy Cities, SWM

•
• Three Mantra for Sustainable/
Inclusive/ Resilient cities
1. Achieve smart growth
• -- finding best options to do things sustainably
• -- promote economic growth for people –
• -- making them earn good livelihood
• -- make them enjoy a good quality of life.
• 2. Do more with less–
• -- cities need money-- to accomplish all wants .
• Cities to collect, manage/spend resources effectively/ efficiently
• 3. Win support for change-
• - City leaders need to;-- deliver fast, positive & visible results,
• - build support for changes.
• -- Based on high-performing civil servants-- made accountable
for their work—Singapore model

Opting for
Town
Planning as a
Career Option

TOWN PLANNING- CONTEXT
• Regional Planning / Urban Planning / Rural Planning revolves around;
• Land , land use, land development;
infrastructure transportation, accessibility.
• Promoting Planned development- Regions/ urban, / rural areas
• Making cities/towns/human settlements better places to live /work
• Focus on -People, communities, Society& State
• Promote Social, physical, economical sustainability
• Preserving environment; culture , art & Architecture,
• Town Planning remains an- Interdisciplinary field
• involving- Architecture; Civil Engineering ;
• Transportation, Infrastructures; Heritage ; Geography, History, Culture
Land Scaping, Technology; Sociology, Urban Design Environment
• Involves detailed studies/research / analysis; Strategic Thinking, Public
consultation
• Focus of Government- Promoting Planned/orderly Urban/Rural
Development
• Enormous potential in Indie with- 7933 cities;-- 6.41 lakh villages;
• 766 districts;-- 53 / 100 Metro cities
• --- 1.6 billion people in 2050;
• 9-Ten million plus population cities by 2050
• – Cities generating 75% GDP

What Planners do
• Planners Engage in -- Promoting Planned development @ State, Regions, Districts
City, Township , Neighborhood
• Preparing-- Regional Plans, Master Plans, Metropolitan Plans, District Plans,
New City Plans, Neighbourhood Plans; Aero-City Plans
• Layout Plans /Zoning Plans-Commercial , Residential, Industrial Institutional area
Plans
• Approval of all Building Plans; Selection/evaluation of sites for any land based real-
Estate project
• Planning – require/hold extensive knowledge/ insight /understanding of human
settlements-- defining future of city or town.
• Planning– Provide space for private /public sectors – to work /get employment in
variety of institutions- including:
• Town Planning Departments; Urban Development Authorities, ULBs, Housing
Boards, Improvement Trusts, Marketing Boards; Metropolitan Authorities, Industries
Department,
• Provide option for working in
• Transport Planning
• ;Urban planning
• Environmental Planning;
• Conservation
• Rural planning
• Planning law

TOWN PLANNING- Planning of human settlements
• ;Town planning involves/includes- Planning of Human Settlements based on;
• Carrying out detailed study of settlement- physical/ social
• Mapping historical perspective, growth/ development.
• Understanding basic fabric of the human settlements
• Identifying physical, demography; socio-economic features
• Mapping Specialized characteristics &past growth trends,
• Carrying out physical, social, economic, environmental study of settlements
• Preparing land use mapping-planning areas, administrative boundaries,
physical features,
• Mapping Morphology/topography, of built up area, vacant areas, different land
uses, slums,
• Identifying Industries, commercial nodes, institutions/institutional areas,
parks/open spaces,
• Locating Amenities/facilities, protected/forest areas, road network, service
network, transportation nodes etc.
• Conducting Detailed Surveys/studies/analysis for-- ascertaining facts on
different activities – both in quantity and quality.
• Identifying problems, issues, road-blocks in rational growth/development
• Carrying out SWOT analysis of human settlement,

Reforms -Urban Planning Capacity-Niti Ayog
1. Programmatic Intervention for Planning of Healthy Cities: --
Besides 100 Smart cities; Every city to become a ‘Healthy
City for All’ by 2030 – Launching Scheme to make ‘500
Healthy Cities Programme’, for a period of 5 years-
Rurban Mission- Master Plans of 65% cities yet to be
prepared
2. Rationalizing Building Bye-laws for Optimum
Utilization of Urban Land: ‘Preparation/Revision of
Development Control Regulations’
3. Sourcing Human Resources in Town Planning
Deptts.: Combating shortage-
a) expedite filling up of vacant positions of town planners-
3945 sanctioned posts b) additionally sanction 8268 town
planners’ posts for a minimum period of 3/ 5 years..
4. Ensuring Qualified Professionals to Undertake Urban
Planning:
5. Revision of Town and Country Planning Acts: .
6. Enhancing Role of Private Sector- Planning ; Urban
Development

Town Planning- Making Planet Earth
More Sustainable; Inclusive, Safe , Resilient,
Qualitative ; Livable; Productive;

CREATING Smart/Sustainable CITIES POSES
GREATEST CHALLENGE TO PLANNERS/
PROFESSIONALS

Options for Making Cities Cool and Sustainable

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