Marked with high concentration of population, industries, infrastructure and rapid increase in global population, massive migration, globalization and increased mobility, cities are known and recognised as major consumers of black energy , non-renewable resources and generating large waste . In the process, cities are fast becoming promoters of climate change , increasing carbon footprints and global warming .These adverse impacts of cities have been globally recognized as major causes of concern for increasing fragility/vulnerability of humanity, communities, nations and planet earth. Taking cognizance of the fact that, if cities are the causes of numerous distortions and disasters globally; then cities can only offer realistic/appropriate options to make this world more sustainable and livable. Since the operational efficiency, efficacy and productivity of urban areas has genesis in urban planning, development, management and governance, accordingly it becomes important and relevant that planners must come out with a new/realistic/state of art agenda for making urban planning process more focused, efficient, effective , supportive of environment and climate. In addition, Architects on their part must put their best foot forward to make buildings green, sustainable and least consumers of energy and generators of waste/heat; Engineers must ensue universal availability of basic services and amenities in a cost- effective and time-efficient manner; landscape experts must ensure making available open spaces to all the residents on equitable basis; traffic and transport planners must plan for people and promote accessibility rather than mobility; whereas leaders/ officials’ involved in urban governance must ensure that city is managed in a holistic manner, based on transparency, commitment, sincerity, integrity, dedication, equity and universal inclusion. Considering the fact that rising urban temperature have negative implications for nearly every aspect of urban life’, accordingly, protecting people and communities from adverse impact of global warming, climate change and rising temperature climate change, shall remain one of the key resilience and sustainability challenge of the 21st Century. Accordingly, if urban growth is not made rational, community/climate/people/bio-diversity centric, then humanity is slated to be heading for a crisis ; crisis worse than one created by the Pandemic Covid 19 . Achieving agenda defined in the SDG 11 shall remain, both a myth and a mirage, if cities are not made cool, inclusive, safe and sustainable.

1. Options for Making
Cities Cool
Ar. J.K.GUPTA,
Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com, Mob- 90410-26414
Options for Making Cities Cool
Options for Making Cities Cool

2. Cities and their Context
• Cities have been part of human history.
• - Cities- known to command power and authority
• Cities -- known for their dualities and contradictions.
• Cities- known for both -- positivities and negativities
• Cities -- known to be areas of concentration of population/ activities,
infrastructures, services, healthcare, education
• Cities -- known to be Engines of economic growth-70%
• Cities - generators of employment , wealth and prosperity,
• Cities – also known for their negativities,
• Cities – large consumers of resources/energy/ land
• Cities- generators of - 70% waste;-- consume 60% global energy -
generating 70% of carbon footprints- large amount of heat-
• --98% /56% cities in low& middle/high income economies - do not meet
air quality WHO norms Cities- remain a manmade , mechanical habitat
• Cities- destroy natural habitat-anti-thesis to bio-diversity
• Cities- known to be creator of best/ worst living conditions
• cities – house both rich and poor

3. Cities and their Context
• Cities- home to large migrants
• Cities- home to slums
• Cities- remain in crisis- both -natural and manmade
• Crisis-- of population, poverty, pollution
• Cities – ever evolving and devolving, never static
• Cities – will dominate in future also
• Cities- drivers/definers of nation’s future
• Cities largely responsible for climate change ,global
warming, manmade disasters etc-
• However Cities - needs rationalization
• Cities --need to be made Cool– by making them
• -- more bio-diverse; productive, effective, efficient,
humane,
• - livable, inclusive, safe, Resilient ,sustainable, Healthy

6. Hierarchy of Human Settlements

8. Global Context of Cities

12. Urban Crisis
• Urban problems has genesis in-– uncontrolled/ unplanned rapid
growth /development
• --Urbanization & global warming remain positively related,
• Cities getting warmer with rising temperature
• Research shows - urban areas can be hot up to 10 degree warmer-
surrounding/Rural areas
• - even within cities
• -- one neighborhood 5-6 degrees hotter than another.
• poor neighborhoods-- hotter than rich neighborhood.
• Intensity/duration of heat waves increasing
• Majority of cities on boil
• - Large causalities happening due to excessive heat
• Globally cities getting into crisis.
• --Jakarta -- sinking;
• --New Delhi-- shutting down schools due to air pollution;
• - residential buildings collapsing - lack of maintenance in Marseille,
France

13. Urban Crisis
• -- Deadly heat baking cities because ;;
• -Rapid population growth/massive migration in hotter regions of world.
• -High population density-- buildings concentrated in limited area.
• Urban canyons formed -between buildings, trapping heat - making
urban streets warm
• - Cities being metalled / made impervious,- with concrete /asphalt
roads/pavements
• -- urban surface, absorbing/radiating sun’s rays.
• • Less open spaces/ less green covers
• -- Reduced number of trees /flora & fauna.
• -- Heat emitted by vehicles -moving/stuck in traffic on urban roads
• • Extensive use of air-conditioning in buildings for cooling
• waste heat generated by air conditioners- pumped into air;
• -- heating outdoors -- to cool indoors,
• -- making external spaces hot /more uncomfortable.
• • Large consumption of energy to make buildings cool,
• with estimated energy needed for cooling buildings to triple by 2050.

14. Impact of Urban Crisis
• By 250; seven in 10 people will live in cities
• Rising urban temperature impact -humanity/communities /cities--
• - Making human beings most vulnerable
• --Rising Mortality- due to- strokes - when temperatures head above 25C.
• - Cities exposed to extreme temperatures-- will Triple over next decades.
• -970 cities-- experiencing average summer temperature of 35˚C (95°F).
• • People exposed to heat waves jumped by --125 mil- between 2000 -2016
(WHO)
• America- Extreme heat --killing more Americans than any other natural
disaster.
• Extreme heatwave in summer 2018, --declared natural disaster with--
thousands hospitalized in Tokyo city,
• UK-heat-related deaths - to increase 257% by 2050 and 535% by 2080.
• • Moscow- 11,000 people due to heatwave in 2010.
• • India- lost 4.3% working hours -1995; & 5.8% in 2030- due to stress
caused by excess heat(IMD).

15. Impact of Urban Crisis
• Studies say-- average summer temperatures -to rise rapidly in both
hemispheres in next 40 years
• - In Northern hemisphere- high temp- above 35C (95F) between June -August
• - In Southern hemisphere- average summer temperatures above 35 C-- first
time since records began
• . Based on classification made,
• India -- also getting hotter
-Rajasthan/ Madhya Pradesh/ Gujrat and Haryana- 54% of total heat waves.
• April, 2022 --recorded hottest month in north-west/central India - third hottest
since past 122 years.
• 15% population-- living in 13% of districts -- vulnerable to heat waves.
• Rising temperatures – threat to- existence / survival of- humanity , flora &
fauna and planet earth.
• Despite Adverse results-- rising urban temperature - received less attention
• -- by professionals / stakeholders,- to Control heat/ flooding, storms,
drought.
• professionals/ communities need attention- threat/risk posed by heat
seriously.

16. Elements Making Cities Warmer

17. rbanization --Making cities warmer

18. Options for
Making
cities
Sustainable

19. URBAN INDIA- 2030- Mckinsey Global Inst-
• India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities-
Report- April, 2010 -- by 2030:
• 590 m to live in Urban India- twice the US population
• 70% GDP generated by cities
• 80% Revenue generated by cities
• 4 fold increase in per capita income
• 5 times the number by which GDP would multiply
• 270 million net increase in working age group
• 70% of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities
• 91 M urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M
• 68 Cities will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only
• $ 1.2T capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand
• 700-900 million Sqmts of residential/ commercial area needed
annually- a new Chicago to be created
• 2.5 b Sqmts roads paved-20times created in last decade
• 7400km (350-400 km/year) of metro needed -20times created in last
decade
• 200 million Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities
• 75%urban India to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day

20. SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements
inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable

22. Options for Urban Sustainability
• Empowering cities to increase resilience to climate change by;;
• -Redefining Urban Planning- by Making urban planning responsive to
Urban cooling
• -Fostering decarbonization across energy, transport, building •
• Planning with Nature
• -Undertaking Heat & vulnerability mapping -for measuring urban heat
• -- Finding Heat mitigation Solutions including
• -Greening Cities
• -Rationalizing/Re-ordering Transportation
• - Valuing Orientation/ Wind
• -Making cities Porous
• - Making Buildings Green
• - Greening/ cooling roof
• Creating Urban forests
• Making optimum use of water
• Managing Heat wave emergency ---Cooling Centers
• Prmoting Alternative cooling techniques.

23. New Planning/Development Agenda
- --Reviewing planning tool
- New order of planning -to focus
on Regional Planning:
- -for Synergizing urban and rural
areas
--Making cities compact
-- Making cities energy efficient
--Planning cities for bio-diversity
– -- Avoiding Urban Sprawl
-- Stopping melting of cities
– - Empowering/capacity building of
villages – making them productive
and self-sufficient in daily needs..
-- reducing carbon footprints
– - Reducing global warming

24. Regional Planning- NCR

25. CO
BS
WO
RKING
LIVING
CIRCULATIO
N
• The Radiant City
•An organism capable of housing the
works of man of machine-age society.
• placed under the masterful
government of natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is the service of
mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying this
hierarchy)

26. Compact City- Heat Reduction
• Heat reduction ignored in urban planning- even when
temperatures rising
• All citizens entitled to- thermally safe indoor/ outdoor
environment
• Making Cities Cool-Changing City planning options - from
expanding/sprawling
• Compact Cities -offer distinct advantages-
• Minimize expositing earth surface to solar radiation.
• Promoting walkability- Minimising area under road – replacing
roads by streets, easily shaded by adjoining buildings
• - changing materials/ built form- responsible for heating cities.
• Cities dominated by dark/hard materials
• – concrete, asphalt, paving
• – absorb solar radiation- conventional paving heated up to 67
C & roofs up to 50–90 C, on hot day.

27. Compact City- Heat Reduction
• Phasing out black/dark roofs in warm climates,
• Applying white-coatings to roads/roofs facades,
• Reflect more solar energy-save city from
prevailing high temperature.
• For promoting Cool cities-Paris, rationalized
mobility by- creating new bike lanes / limiting
speed limit to 30 km/h for motorized traffic.
• Havana-promoted urban agriculture
• Curitiba -pioneered art of bus based mass
transportation,
• Amsterdam --emerged world’s cycling capital.

28. PLANNING COMPACT CITIES
Make cities compact by;
– promoting High-density development
-- adopting Transit oriented development
-- Raising Height and
-Rationalizing land uses
-Reviewing Building bye-laws
-Building inside not outside
--- Building vertical not horizontal
--- Building High not low
--- Building mix not pure
---Building dense not shallow
----- optimizing current infrastructure.
.

29. COMPACT CITY

30. Curitiba's BRT corridors run along
high-density developed area

31. TIANJIN- Master Plan
..
1. Land-use Planning –Making city compact—providing mix land
uses – promting Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
2.
2. Transport Planning -Green transport .—Large trips via public transport ;
bicycles and walking
3. Green and Blue Network Planning---extensive green (vegetation)
and blue (water) networks – for quality living /working environment.
4. Water bodies --linked for circulation – enhancing ecology , environment ,
recreational activities.
5. A wastewater pond -rehabilitated /transformed into a clean/beautiful lake.

32. Valuing Wind

33. Valuing Wind
- Leveraging Potential of wind - in cooling cities / reducing temperature
by;
• - mapping prevailing direction of wind-flow
• - integrating wind flow in planning process of city/NHs.
• - orienting urban roads /streets/houses to face wind direction.
- for washing away/ siphoning off excessive heat trapped in
streets/buildings
--making cities cool- specially in coastal areas/ settlements located
close to water bodies;
- remain warm/ high degree of humidity, throughout year.
- Staggering positioning of buildings - for reducing urban heat island
effect
 -- by taking away heat trapped within high rise buildings.
 --Accordingly, existing air flow pattern – must remain essential/
integral component of
 --- while planning of cities;
 -- undertaking sub-division of land and
 -- positioning/designing of buildings.

34. Valuing Wind

35. Green City of World –Musdar –
Abu Dhabi-UAE
 A city of 50,000population
 City of no cars , no waste
Planned to make use of cool sea winds
Using solar energy on rooftop
Narrow streets shading houses
Total recycling of waste/water
 working/ living area-- not farther
than200 mts from transportation nodes.
Electric powered light rail on elevated
track to permit easy transport between
Musdar and Abu Dhabi.
•for Intra-city travel people use
personal rapid transit pods (PRT) run on
magnetic tracks using electric power.
•Aim is to create:
Zero Carbon
Zero Waste
Zero Car city

37. Valuing
Orientation

38. Valuing Orientation
• Role/importance of orientation - not fully understood / appreciated in
Planning/making cities
• Orientation - positioning plots/buildings -considering four cardinal
directions; NSEW - four other subsidiaries directions;
• Each direction unique/distinct- strength and weaknesses, - in terms of solar
radiation /heating/cooling of cities/buildings
• If North has no Sun; -- South has highest Solar Intensity - Sun low/horizontal
- – West side hottest-- Avoid West direction for minimizing heat gain.
• Making cities cool -- essentially require that while planning
• -- maximum plots/lots carved - have best advantage of orientation. SE /NW
could be best option
• - Once plots have best orientation, - much easier for architects to plan climate
responsive buildings
• Place Longer axis of building facing north-south direction,
-- with shorter sides facing East-West remains best option for minimizing adverse
impact of buildings in heating the cities.

39. Understanding/Valuing Sun

40. ORIENTATION

41. Tower of Shadow- SunTemple;Chd.

42. GREEN
TRANSPORTATION

45. CONFLICT BETWEEN MAN& MACHINE

46. ISSUES:--Heterogeneous Traffic
•increasing individual vehicle ownership;
•low road capacity; poor road geometry;
•large obsolete vehicular population;
• inefficient/ inadequate public
transportation;
• high degree of environmental pollution;
• low priority for traffic planning; ;
•Low priority to bicycles/pedestrians
• poor traffic management;
• mismatch between vehicle density/
road capacity;
•multiplicity of agencies involved
• absence of unified traffic regulatory
authority;
• acute problems of parking;
•high rates of accidents etc.
TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA

47. Transportation- Options
• Minimize travel- Making cities compact-
• Planning for mixed land-use/ TOD
• Changing priority for travel-
• Planning for People-- not for vehicles
• Promoting Accessibility-- Not Mobility
• Promoting Cycling
• Promoting Mass Transportation
• Pricing Roads
• Making Equitable allocation of road space

48. Defining Sustainable Transport
• Sustainable Transport --
• -- sometimes known as Green Transport
• -- form of transport that does not use / rely
on dwindling natural resources.
• -- relies on renewable /regenerated energy
• -- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life
expectancy

49. •Promoting use of Bicycle as
preferred mode of travel for majority
of intra- city travel being :
 Most inexpensive
 Most flexible
 Environmental friendly
 Zero pollution
 Zero Energy Vehicle
 Occupying minimum road space
 Requiring minimum Parking
Space
 Promoting National Economy
 Promoting Human Health
 Reducing depletion of Non-
renewable resources
 Best option for travelling over
short distance.
SMART TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING

51. JANMARG AHMEDABAD

53. .
EQUITABLE
ALLOCATION
OF
ROAD SPACE

54. .
SINGAP-
ORE
MODEL
OF
ROAD
PRICING

55. • Cooling
Roads

56. Cool Roads
• If white roofs in New York- In Los Angeles- it is
roads, as major cause of heating cities.
• Occupying > 10 % city area with black asphalt
• - absorbing up to 95% of sun’s energy
• – creating heat island
• Painting roads -- with white-coloured sealant
with high reflectivity
• --reduction of 10- 23F cooler after painting.
• Opting for lighter clay tiles—reflect sunlight
quite well.
• .

57. Coating Roads- Reflective White

58. •GREENING
CITIES

59. Green Spaces- Cooling Cities
 , Trees, vegetation – best, efficient/cost-effective option
to cool cities,
 - not by reflecting but absorbing heat falling on them.
 on a hot day, vegetation- powerful tool to fight against
excessive city heat ,
 greenery not only provides shade but also stimulates
evapotranspiration
 - absorbing pollutants from air /producing oxygen,
 - developing parks and growing trees- creating calm
spaces
 - deploying “cool” roofs, making walls green / shading
pavements – making them light colored-- known for
absorbing/reflecting sunlight

60. Green Spaces- Cooling Cities
 , -Prioritising planting trees in EWS/LIG
communities - makes them safe against ill effects
of heat.
--creating city forest- due to regenerative nature of
forests, attracting large number of birds / lowering
of the urban area temperature
• involve local residents/communities for greening-
Make Greening integral part of city planning.
• Each mature tree generates seven cylinders of
oxygen besides creating cooling equivalent to 5
tonnes of air conditioning on daily basis

61. Green Spaces- Cooling Cities
• Green spaces - known for distinct advantage in urban setting;;
 lowering urban temperature
 Making Cities Cool
 reducing demand for air- conditioning
 - reducing & absorbing - heat
 Acting as sponge- for absorbing floodwaters/minimize flooding
 making neighborhood qualitative / beautiful,
 providing shade -during a heat wave,
 promoting good mental health.
 Creating jobs - planning, developing/ maintaining green
spaces.
 ,

62. Global- Tree Count

63. Open Spaces

64. Central Park New York- 700 Acs Vaux and
Olmsted'

65. Hyde Park London- 253 Hectare

66. PERTH- Australia

67. Chandigarh Master Plan- Le Corbusier

68. Today Curitiba boasts > 50 sq metres of green space
per person. Buenos Aires’s two sq meters / person

69. •DESIGNING
SUTAINABLE /
GREEN
BUILDINGS

72. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF
RESOURCES
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world’s
CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of the residents having sick building syndrome
( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Buildings planned, designed and operated with utmost care
for considerations--- energy/ sustainability/resources

73. Defining- Green Buildings
•Buildings can achieve zero carbon by; Adopting Integrated
approach to design-Planning with nature, natural elements,
Climate, Evolving passive building design,- eliminating using
fossil fuel --for heating, cooling /air conditioning
• using on-site/off-site renewable energy,Retrofitting Buildings
•reducing use of high global warming potential refrigerants

74. Daylighting
Local materials
Indian Way of approaching design
• Rediscovery of the Indian ethos
– We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites
Jal (Water) Water Efficiency
Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight
Views
Water body

75. Advantages of Green Buildings

76. Planning for spaces in buildings

78. Buildings and Climate
• Buildings responsible for-- global warming, climate change/ increasing
carbon footprints. buildings - warming planet earth/ raising
• Need to make buildings supportive of cooling cities /moderating
temperature
• buildings designed/operated with nature-- sun, space and greenery, --
Evolving Passive design of buildings,
• minimizing building-led heating- critical role building envelop.
• -- Major heat gain/ loss through building envelop.
• Within buildings envelop- building façade/ roof gain/lose heat
• - greatest challenges posed by-fully-glazed facades.
• - building trap lot of unwanted heat in summer.
• - Facades need shading to minimize solar radiation.
• --shielding glass from adverse impact of direct/reflected solar radiation.
• -Mechanical systems used to move with local weather/ of the sun,
for allowing filtered light / views =while protecting inhabitants from sun
• buildings made of wood /natural resources -- reduces heat absorption
When compared to buildings- using steel conc/rete

80. Mashrabiya used in Al Bahr Towers

81. •Cool Roof

82. Cool Roof- Advantages
 Reducing temperature within/outside buildings by minimizing heat
island effect,
 Decreasing energy use /energy costs within buildings
 Improving air & water quality in neighborhood
 Sequestering carbon,
 Providing habitat for wildlife -- in urban areas
 Meeting deficiency of green spaces in walled cities/congested areas
 Avoiding flooding cities- by reducing amount/intensity/duration of
storm water release
 Creating space for socialization - for families and communities
 Increasing life of roof-- by protecting them from adverse impact of
climate
 New York Cool Roofs initiative - more than 500,000m² of roof space
covered in white reflective coating,- saving an estimated 2,282 tonnes
of CO2 per year
 NASA concluded - white roof could be 23C (42F) cooler than a typical
black roof --on hottest day of New York summer

83. Making Roof White

84. Making Roof Green

85. Making Roof Garden

86. Public housing --Singapore, seven 50-story towers
connected by 1,600-foot-recreational “sky garden.”
-- high-density development
accommodating growth in compact city-state.

87. Singapore-- Super trees in 250-acre Gardens by Bay.
-- High-tech structures range from 80 to 160 feet
-- collect solar energy to power a nightly light show.
-- trunks are vertical gardens, laced with more than 150,000 living plants.

89. Landscaping- Interiors/Exteriors

90. Making Walls Green

91. • Cooling
Cities with
water

92. Cooling Cities with Water
• Principle- Evaporation causes cooling
• used in old buildings - leveraged strength of water in
promoting cooling /lowering the temperature
• - Making cities spongy -retaining water in soil
• -- lowers temperature by releasing moistures
• - help in making trees/vegetation grow
• - Temperatures taken adjacent to water features - up to 10 C
lower
• - Leveraging existing water bodies, pools, fountains, sprinklers
and misting system
• -Creating new water bodies - Chandigarh modulate city
temperature by creating inartificial Sukhna lake
• - Chongqing in China , known for its heat provided relief,
by using water misters at local bus stops– created cooling 5-7
C,

93. Sukhna Lake- Chandigarh

95. •FUTURE
CITIES

96. Future Cities-Conceptual
Ultima Tower- 2Mile High Sky City
•Location: Any densely populated urban
environment
•Date: 1991
•Cost: $150,000,000,000
•Population: 1,000,000 people
•Exterior surface area of building: 150,000,000 sft.
•Enclosed volume: 53,000,000,000 cubic feet
•Total enclosed acreage: 39,000 acres-156 sectors
•Elevator speed: 20 feet per second (13 miles per
hour) 9 minutes and 40 seconds to reach top floor
from ground floor.
•Dimensions: Height--10,560 feet;
•Diameter at the base--6000 feet;
•Number of stories--500;
•Total Square Feet: Approximately 5,000,000 sft

97. Earth Scraper – Mexico City
• Location- Mexico City
• Depth 300 m below ground
• Designed as Inverted Pyramid
• Glass floor to cover 240 mtrs X
240 mtrs. hole in cities main
square to filter natural light
• Preserve the cities historic
centre and heritage buildings
surrounding square.
• Interior of building to look
natural.
• Building to be city”s top retail
destination.

98. Mile-High Tower-
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Location Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Cost US$28.5 billion
• Height 1 mile (1,600 m; 5,280 ft)
• Floor area 3,530,000 m2 (38,000,000 sft)
• Capacity 80,000 people
• The tower will have -275 floors
• Lobby upto 5 th floor
• Offices 6- 50 floors
• Five-star hotel &Conference halls 51-75 floors
• Deluxe residential units 76-195 floors and
• Retail facilities 196-275 floors
• Alternate Energy Generation 196-275 floors
• Status of project
-- Already under construction since 2008

99. SMART
TECHNOLOGIES

100. Using Smart Technologies-
Implementing IOT- Traffic, Transportation, Urban
Planning, managing infrastructures/services, solid
waste management, parking, pollutions, payments etc
- digital --bus stops- bus schedule,
--sensor based garbage bins
- Promoting accessibility
-Managing Traffic/parking – Managing services
Minimizing travel --Tackling noise- Planning
cities-
Preparing Master Plans/ Development Plans
- Making amendment in MP/DP
- Monitoring Delivery of services- water supply
--Tackling air pollution
--creating platform for efficiency--breaking silos
-- lodging complaints/ --making payments on line
--rendering services on line

101. QUALITY
LEADERSHIP
•

102. Jaimy Learner- Mayor Curitiba-
BRTS, TOD, Spongy Cities, SWM

103. •
• Three Mantra for Sustainable/
Inclusive/ Resilient cities
1. Achieve smart growth
• -- finding best options to do things sustainably
• -- promote economic growth for people –
• -- making them earn good livelihood
• -- make them enjoy a good quality of life.
• 2. Do more with less–
• -- cities need money-- to accomplish all wants .
• Cities to collect, manage/spend resources effectively/ efficiently
• 3. Win support for change-
• - City leaders need to;-- deliver fast, positive & visible results,
• - build support for changes.
• -- Based on high-performing civil servants-- made accountable
for their work—Singapore model

104. CREATING Smart/Sustainable CITIES POSES
GREATEST CHALLENGE TO PLANNERS/
PROFESSIONALS