Grade 10 ICSE Geography Project on the various climatic regions present around the world, on planet Earth. Grade 9 Geography Project Copyright (c) 2021 - 2022 Ishan Ketan Bhavsar TO BE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE ONLY.

1. SOME CLIMATIC REGIONS OF THE
WORLD.
Geography Project
Made by : Ishan Bhavsar
Standard : 9 ; Division : E
Roll Number 1.

2. THE EQUATORIAL
REGIONS
-LOCATION
•Location – The Equatorial Region
extends between 0° to 10° North
and South of The Equator.
•It is found in Indonesia , Papua New
Guinea , Malaysia and the southern
part of the Philippines in Asia, in
the coastal lowlands between the
Guiana and Brazilian highlands,
Amazon Basin, coastal Columbia in
South America, and in the Zaire
Basin and Guyana Coast in West
Africa.

3. THE EQUATORIAL REGIONS
-CLIMATE
•The climate in the Equatorial Region is characterized by heavy rainfall ranging
between 175 to 250 cm per year and constant high temperatures , which range
between 25°C and 30°C throughout the year. The season in this region throughout
the year is hot and wet.
•The high rainfall is due to the vertical rays of the Sun, intense heating of land and
the radiation of heat into the atmosphere. The modification of temperature and
rainfall is also seen due to the relief.
•In the plains, torrential rainfall occurs regularly in the afternoon between 12 noon
and 3 p.m. The amount of rainfall decreases with increase in distance from the
Equator.
•Rainfall is maximum at the equinoxes in March and September.
•Mornings are pleasant and sunny. The temperature then slowly begins to rise. In
the afternoon, the sky overcast with the clouds, prevents heat from being radiated
back to the atmosphere. The nights are cool and the skies remain clear at night.

4. THE EQUATORIAL
REGIONS
-NATURAL VEGETATION
•The Equatorial Region has a dense forest known as
“The Tropical Rainforest” or Selvas in the Amazon
Basin.
•These forests are thick and luxuriant. The trees are
broad – leaved and are evergreen.
•The vegetation in this forest shows 4 layers – the
canopy, the top layer, understory and the forest
floor.
•The emergent layer at the forest’s edge has kapok
and mahogany trees, which reach up to heights of
50 meters.
•The main trees of the region include ebony,
mahogany, cinchona, green heart, rosewood and
rubber.
•Because of the presence of the dense Tropical
Rainforest, it is called “The Lungs of the World”

5. THE EQUATORIAL
REGIONS
-WILDLIFE
•The Equatorial Forests have a wide variety of
animal species. Some animals, including the
snakes are found on trees than on ground. Such
animals are called “arboreal” which means
adapted to live on trees.
•This is because it is almost dark on the ground
and the absence of light does not favour life
growth. There are a large number of lemurs,
apes, monkeys, reptiles like snakes, lizards and
frogs.
•Near the edge of the forests, elephants and
rhinoceroses are found.
•Among the birds found are horn bills, parrots and
macaws, most of which are brightly colored.

6. THE EQUATORIAL
REGIONS
-HUMAN
ADAPTATION
•In Equatorial Region, the primitive people practice
hunting and gathering, whereas the advance ones
practice shifting cultivation.
•In the clearing for shifting cultivation, crops like
tapioca, yam, bananas, groundnuts and maize are
grown.
•Many plantations have been established in the
Equatorial Regions of Java, Sumatra, Malaysia,
West Africa and Central America, the most
outstanding of the plantation being that of cocoa
and natural rubber.
•Malaysia and Indonesia are leading producers of
natural rubber in the world , while West Africa,
Ghana and Nigeria are the important producers of
cocoa at an international level.

7. TROPICAL
DESERT
-LOCATION
•Location – The tropical desert lies between
15° and 30° North and South latitudes and are
so known because these latitudinal zones
mostly fall in the tropical zone. They lie to the
west of a landmass.
•It is found as Sahara desert (The largest
desert in the world) in North Africa, the
Kalahari desert in South-West Africa, the
Namib desert in Namibia and South-West
Angola, the Arabian desert and the Thar
desert in Saudi Arabia and India respectively,
The Great Australian Desert in Australia and
the Mohave/Sonoran/Californian/Mexican
Desert in North America.
•The Atacama Desert in South America is the
driest of all deserts and it lies along the

8. TROPICAL
DESERT
-CLIMATE
•Tropical Deserts have hot summers and cool winters. The world’s highest
temperatures are recorded in these areas.
•Summer temperature may range from 30°C to 45°C. Maximum temperature
recorded is 58°C. The mean temperature of the hottest month is 30°C. Winter
temperature may be less than 20°C.
•In some areas of the desert, there is no rainfall at all. Hot deserts have less than
25 cm of annual rainfall.
•Rains are brought to eastern margin by trade winds. They become dry before
reaching the western margin. Those cold ocean currents help in desert making as
they do not cause rain, mist and fog and lower the temperature.
•In the interiors – there are two seasons – winter and summer. In coastal areas ,
there may be a short rainy season between summer and winter.
•Hot , dry winds like Sirocco, Bora and Mistral bring pleasant weather conditions
and may affect seasons.

9. TROPICAL DESERT
-NATURAL
VEGETATION
•There is scanty rainfall and the Trade Winds
are dry too which do not help to support
vegetation cover.
•At some places, thorny shrubs like cactus and
prickly pear are found.
•Plants which are adapted to arid conditions
are called as Xerophytic plants. They are
leafless and store water in their stems.
•Some plants have leathery leaves ,others have
thorns and still some have a repugnant smell
as a means of protection against animal
grazing.
•Thorny cacti is often cited as a typical desert
plant. Date Palms are found near water

10. TROPICAL DESERT
-WILDLIFE
•Even in this harsh environment one
can find life forms like lizards,
squirrels, snakes, rats, foxes, and
mice.
•To escape heat, the burrowing
animals dig holes in the ground.
•Some animals which wonder in the
desert but live near the edges
include jackals, foxes, hyenas and
antelopes.
•People use camels to travel through
deserts.

11. TROPICAL
DESERT
-HUMAN
ADAPTATION
• In the harsh and inhospitable conditions in the desert,
the inhabitants have to struggle against an environment
deficient in water, food and other means of livelihood.
• Some of the inhabitants are the primitive tribes like
Bushmen of Kalahari, Bindibu of Australia.
• They are nomadic hunters and food gatherers.
• Crops cannot be grown without irrigation in deserts,
which is obtained from rivers, dams, oasis, or through a
network of canals.
• The water of the Nile allows The Egyptians to raise a
number of crops. They cultivate rice and cotton in
summer, followed by wheat, barley, beans and other
minor crops in winter.
• In the deserts where there is an oasis, underground water
reaches and is drawn up from wells by camels or mules.
• Water is fed to fields by irrigation channels. Other than
Date Palm, the crops of barley, cane, cotton, wheat,
sugar, fruits and vegetables are cultivated in the oasis.

12. TROPICAL MONSOON TYPE
CLIMATE
-LOCATION.
•The Tropical Monsoon Type Climate is
found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Southern China,
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam,
the islands of Hainan, Taiwan,
Philippines in Asia and at the Northern
tip of Australia.
•The Tropical Marine type climate is
found in parts of South-East Africa
and Madagascar in Africa, in Jamaica,
Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua in
Central America, in Eastern Brazil in
South America and in parts of North –
Eastern Australia.

13. TROPICAL MONSOON
TYPE
-CLIMATE
•The Tropical Monsoon Type of climate has hot summers and cool winters with a
distinct rainy season. In areas with Tropical Marine Type Climate, the onshore
trade winds influence the climate all year round and lead to more evenly
distributed rainfall.
•The region has 3 distinct seasons of summer, rainy and winter from March to
May, from June to September and from October to February respectively.
•The summer temperature varies between 27°C to 30°C in the coastal areas and
35°C to 38°C in interior areas. Winter temperature is between 5°C to 18°C in the
interior and between 22°C to 25°C in coastal areas. Monsoons here depend upon
rainfall instead of temperatures
•The rainfall in the regions is not uniform, given that a number of factors like tall
mountains, cyclones in winter etc. affect it. The annual amount of rainfall varies
from 75 to 200 cm.
•Certain regions are exceptional in terms of rainfall. For example Cherrapunji in

14. TROPICAL MONSOON TYPE
-NATURAL VEGETATION
•High variation in vegetation types is
seen in this region.
•Many islands and coastal areas have
Tropical Evergreen Rainforests. This
vegetation type differs slightly from
Equatorial Rainforest vegetation.
•The trees reach heights of up to 6o m.
During rains, a luxuriant growth of
climbers, epiphytes, ferns and
bamboos is seen. Common tree species
seen include ebony and bamboo. Some
of them have broad leaves to rid itself
of excess moisture and receive more

15. TROPICAL MONSOON
TYPE
-NATURAL
VEGETATION (CONTINUED)
•Areas with no annual rainfall have
a marked dry season, and here,
Tropical Monsoon Deciduous
Forests are found. During the dry
period, these trees shed their
leaves for 6 – 8 weeks for to
preserve moisture.
•Teak, Sal, sandalwood are found
in areas with 150 – 200 cm of
rainfall. These areas include the
Western and North - Eastern side
of Deccan Plateau and some part
of Southern China.

16. TROPICAL MONSOON TYPE
-HUMAN ADAPTATIONS
•In the Tropical Monsoon Regions,
agriculture is the main occupation of the
majority of people.
•Crops are grown in small farms in the
plains and terraced hills.
•Tropical agriculture is dependent on
natural rainfall and a large labor force.
•The major crops grown in these regions
include rice, wheat, maize, millet,
sorghum, gram and beans.
•A number of cash crops like sugarcane,
cotton, tea and coffee are also grown.

17. INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY
ON AMAZON RAINFOREST.
•The Amazon jungle covers an area of ​​about 5.5 million
square kilometers, making it the largest equatorial forest
on the planet. It spans across eight countries: Brazil,
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Suriname and French Guiana, an overseas territory of
France in the continent of South America.
•The Amazon equatorial forests are distinguished by the
highest biodiversity known on our planet. The number of
known species of plants and animals there is greater than
anywhere in the world. They make up about 10% of all
living species on Earth. It is home to over 40,000 species of
flowering plants and, according to some studies, hosts
some 400 billion trees of over 16,000 species.
•It is also called as the “Lungs of the World” for acting as a
machine that absorbs carbon dioxide in humongous
quantities and return oxygen back into the atmosphere.

18. IMPACT OF
THE FOREST
FIRE
ON THE
AMAZON
RAINFOREST
During the year 2019,
around
906,000 hectares or
2,240,000 acres or
9,060 km2 or
3,500 sq.m
of forest under
vegetation cover was
destroyed by a wildfire
that broke out in January
2019 and continued till
October 2019.

19. • The following graphs show the steep increase in Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
emmitions following the massive wildfire that broke out in the interiors of the Amazon
Rainforest in the month of January and continued all the way till the month of October when
it was not yet completely contained.

20. INTERVIEW WITH A
NATIVE OF THE
AMAZON RAINFOREST
•Hello Everyone! Today, I will be interviewing a native tribal, Sigane Yanomamo who lived
inside the Amazon rainforest before the massive wildfire broke out there.
•Me : Hello Mr.Yanomamo! Please let us know about what happened with you and your
tribe when the wildfire broke out. So, let’s begin.
•Mr.Y : Yes. So, I was one of the many people of Yanomamo tribe living inside the
Amazon Rainforest before the fires broke out last year. One day, after waking up in the
morning and going outside , I realized that my house was completely covered by black-
grey dust and I could distantly see large orange flames too, which would at any moment
come where I was standing. The heat due to it had become unbearable too. I realized
that if I stood any longer there, I would suffocate and die. Urgently, I woke up my family
and other fellow tribesmen and told them to evacuate. We moved northward but found
fire there too . So, we went towards the city. During this time, our government helped us
and set up this camp where we are standing now. Once the fires settled after long, we
went inside the forest. It was completely burnt to the ground. There was only barren
land and tree remains in everyone’s sight. Since then, we are living here, in these
makeshift camps where we survive with the help of our basic wages the government
gives us for working as the cleaning officials of the city
•Me: Thank you very much for your interview!