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Intellectual disability in children 2021
1. Intellectual Disability
in Children
Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology, Clinical Features,
Diagnosis, Assessment, Management, Prognosis and Prevention
Prof. Imran Iqbal
Fellowship in Pediatric Neurology (Australia)
Prof of Paediatrics (2003-2018)
Prof of Pediatrics Emeritus, CHICH
Prof of Pediatrics, CIMS
Multan, Pakistan
2. (God Almighty speaking to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Say, “It is He who created and nurtured you;
and given you the hearing, the vision, and the thinking.
But rarely do you pay gratitude.”
The Holy Quran; surah Al-Mulk 67:23
In the name of Our Creator Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful
7. CNS – Abnormal Symptoms
• Convulsions
• Altered Consciousness
• Delayed development
• Intellectual handicap
• Speech problem
• Motor weakness / Walking problem
• Sensory changes
• Headache
• Unable to see / listen
8. History – Ask about Symptoms
• Neurological Symptoms –
• Onset
• Frequency
• Severity
• Progression
• Birth history
• Development history
• Family history
11. Examination of CNS in Children
• OBSERVE – observe the child
• General Physical Examination
• Developmental Examination
• NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION –
• Higher Mental Functions
• Cranial Nerves
• Motor System
• Sensory system
• Skull and Spine
• SOMI
14. Areas of Development
Posture and locomotion
Vision and manipulation
Hearing and speech
Personal and social
15. Areas of Development
Posture and locomotion
Vision and manipulation
Hearing and speech
Personal and social
16. Milestones of Development
Posture and locomotion
3 months – Head control
6 months – Roll over
9 months -– sit without support
12 months – stand / walk held
17. Milestones of Development
Vision and manipulation (eye – hand coordination)
3 mo – Eyes fix and follow
6 mo – Hand approach to hold
9 mo -– Finger grasp
12 mo – Release object in examiner’s hand
22. Higher Mental Functions
• Conscious Level (Glasgow Coma Scale)
• Recognition and Response
• Behavior and activity
• Speech
• Memory
23. Cranial Nerves
• Visual focusing and following
• Light reflex
• Facial Movements
• Response to sound
• Sucking and Swallowing
• Palate movement and Gag reflex
24. Motor System
• Presence of spontaneous voluntary movements in
infant
• Size and Nutrition of muscles
• Tone
• Power
• Deep Tendon Reflexes
• Planter Reflex
• Gait
• Co-ordination
• Involuntary Movements
34. Intellectual Disability
Definition
• Intellectual Disability is a neuro-developmental disorder with
delayed development and impaired intellectual functions
• There is significant impairment in –
general intellectual function
conceptual skills
social skills
practical skills
adaptive behavior
• Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are < 70
35. Intellectual Disability
Impairment of Intellectual Functions
• General intellectual function – reasoning, learning, problem
solving
• Conceptual skills – language, reading, writing, time, number
concepts, and self-direction
• Social skills – interpersonal skills, social responsibility, obeying
laws
• Practical skills – activities of daily living (dressing, feeding,
toileting/bathing, mobility)
• Adaptive behavior – functions of living (e.g., housework,
managing money, taking medication, shopping, using phone)
40. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
1989
“A disabled child has the right to enjoy
a full and decent life,
in conditions which
ensure dignity,
promote self-reliance
and
facilitate the child’s active participation
in the community.”