Tree Species: 1. Distribution 2. Morphology 3. Phenology 4. Growth Behaviour 5. Silvicultural Characteristics 6. Nursery Technique 7. Protection Measures 8. Utilisation

1. A PRESENTATION ON SILVICS
OF IMPORTANT TREE
SPECIES
BY
HARJLAI DEBBARMA
M.SC. FORESTRY & BIODIVERSITY
TRIPURA UNIVERSITY

2. CONTENTS
• Distribution
• Phenology
• Morphology
• Growth Factor
• Silvicultural Characteristics
• Nursery Techniques
• Protection
• Utilization

3. Shorea robusta
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Malvales
Family: Dipterocarpaceae.
Genus: Shorea
Species: robusta.

4. DISTRIBUTION:
• Shorea robusta, also known as “Sal tree," is native to
the Indian subcontinent, specifically in the countries of
India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
• It is commonly found in the moist and dry deciduous
forests of the region and is an important species in the
ecology of the area.

5. Distribution of Shorea robusta in India

6. MORPHOLOGY:
• Shorea robusta is a large, evergreen tree that
can reach up to 40-45 meters in height and 3-4
meters in diameter.
• The leaves are simple, alternate and leathery,
measuring 15-25 cm long and 5-10 cm wide.

7. • The flowers are small and yellowish-white, arranged in panicles.
• The tree produces a large number of small, red, fleshy fruits that are
edible and are eaten by animals and humans.
• The bark is dark grey and rough and the wood is hard, heavy and durable.

8. PHENOLOGY:
• Phenology is the study of the timing of biological events such as flowering and fruiting in plants.
• The phenology of Shorea robusta varies depending on the location and climate. In general, the tree flowers during
the months of March to April, and fruits ripen between June and September.
• The tree is monoecious, meaning it has both male and female flowers on the same tree.
• Climate and altitude can have an impact on the timing of flowering and fruiting events. In the state of Tripura,
located in northeastern India, Shorea robusta has been reported to flower between the months of March to April
and the fruits ripen between June to September.
• It is considered as an evergreen tree in this region and the tree is known to have a profuse flowering and fruiting.
• Climate of Tripura is tropical with high humidity and heavy rainfall, which could affect the phenology of the tree.

9. GROWTH BEHAVIOR:
• Shorea robusta is a fast-growing tree species that can reach maturity within 30 to 40 years. It is a light-
demanding species in its seedling stage, but becomes shade-tolerant as it matures.
• It grows well on a wide range of soil types, but prefers well-drained soil.
• Requires adequate moisture and cannot tolerate prolonged drought.
• It has a symbiotic relationship with other plants, where it provides shade and shelter to other species, which in
turn help to enrich the soil and improve its growth.
• In plantation, the tree is often grown in a mixed-species plantation, where it is intercropped with other tree
species such as Eucalyptus, Casuarina, and Acacia.
• It is a long-lived tree and can live for up to 100 years or more. It is also an important species for the local
economy and is widely cultivated in the region.

10. SILVICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAL:
• Seed source: Seed collection should be done from mature trees and the
seeds should be collected when they are ripe. The seeds are small, red,
fleshy and are usually collected from the ground.
• Nursery practices: The seeds are usually sown in seedbeds or in polybags,
and they germinate in 2-3 weeks. The seedlings are ready for transplanting
in 4-5 months.
• Planting: The tree can be planted in monoculture or mixed-species
plantation. The seedlings are planted at a spacing of 3m x 3m to 4m x 4m.
• Silvicultural treatments: The tree responds well to coppicing and
pollarding. Coppicing is the practice of cutting the tree at the base, allowing
it to regrow multiple stems. Pollarding is the practice of cutting the tree at a
specific height to promote the growth of new branches.
• Site preparation: Site preparation is important for the successful
establishment of the plantation. The soil should be well-drained and the
area should be cleared of competing vegetation.
• Pests and Diseases: Shorea robusta is relatively resistant to pests and
diseases, but it is susceptible to some fungal diseases such as Fomes
lividus and Fusarium sp.
• Harvesting: The tree is harvested for its timber when it reaches maturity,
which is generally after 30 to 40 years.

11. NURSERY TECHNIQUES OF SAL:
• Seed collection: Seeds are collected from mature trees, usually when they are
ripe. The seeds are small, red, fleshy, and are usually collected from the ground.
• Seed cleaning and storage: The seeds are cleaned and stored in a dry place at
room temperature until they are ready to be sown.
• Sowing: The seeds are usually sown in seedbeds or in polybags filled with a
mixture of soil, sand, and compost. The seedbeds should be well-drained and in a
sunny location. The seeds germinate in 2-3 weeks.
• Transplanting: After 4-5 months, the seedlings are ready for transplanting. They
are transplanted to polybags filled with a mixture of soil, sand, and compost.
• Hardening off: Before transplanting to the field, seedlings must be hardened off,
by gradually exposing them to outdoor conditions such as sunlight and wind.

12. • Field planting: The seedlings are planted at a spacing of 3m x 3m to
4m x 4m in well-drained soil and in a sunny location.
• Care and maintenance: The seedlings should be watered regularly and
protected from pests and diseases. They should also be weeded
regularly to prevent competition for resources.
• Irrigation: The seedlings should be irrigated regularly and in the case
of low rainfall, irrigation is necessary to support growth.
• Fertilization: The seedlings should be fertilized regularly with a
balanced fertilizer to support growth.
• It's worth to mention that these techniques can vary depending on the
specific location, climate and other conditions.

13. PROTECTION MEASURES
• Shorea robusta, also known as Sal tree, is an important species of tree found in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. To protect
this species, the following measures can be taken:
• Forest Conservation: This species is often found in forested areas, hence conservation of these forests is critical to its protection.
• Afforestation: Afforestation or planting more of these trees can help increase their populations and ensure their survival.
• Regulation of harvesting: Harvesting of this species should be regulated and monitored to ensure that it is done sustainably and
that the populations are not negatively impacted.
• Awareness programs: Creating awareness about the importance of this species and the need to protect it among local
communities and other stakeholders can help in its conservation.
• Enforcing laws: Laws and regulations that protect this species and its habitat should be strictly enforced to prevent illegal logging
and other forms of exploitation

14. UTILIZATION OF SAL SPECIES
• Shorea robusta is commonly used for a variety of purposes due to its strong and durable wood. Some of the main uses of
Shorea robusta include:
• Timber: The hard and durable wood of Shorea robusta is used for construction, flooring, furniture, and ship building.
• Fuelwood: The tree is often grown as a source of fuelwood for cooking and heating in rural areas.
• Medicinal purposes: The leaves and bark of the tree have been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as
fever, wounds, and diarrhea. Sal tree resin is known as sal dammar or Indian dammar in Sanskrit. It is used as
an astringent in Ayurvedic medicine, burned as incense in Hindu ceremonies, and used to caulk boats and ships.
• Livestock feed: The leaves and pods of the tree are fed to livestock as a source of food.
• Landscaping: Shorea robusta is often grown as an ornamental tree for its attractive appearance and shade.
• Sal seeds and fruit are a source of lamp oil and vegetable fat. The seed oil is extracted from the seeds and used as cooking oil
after refining.

15. Sal tree resin incense Dammar
Sal wood log
Sal leaves product

16. Terminalia arjuna
INTRODUCTION
• Terminalia arjuna is commonly known as arjuna or arjun tree
• Family :- Combretaceae
• Genus :- Terminalia
• Species :- T. arjuna
• Trade name :- Arjuna chhal
• Part used :- Stem –bark , fruit ,leaves

17. DISTRIBUTION
• Terminalia arjuna is native to India and Sri Lanka.
• The arjuna is seen across the Indian subcontinent, and usually found
in Uttar Pradesh ,Jharkhand, Maharashtra ,West Bengal, Madhya
Pradesh , Assam , Uttarakhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh in India
,along with Sri Lanka and Bangladesh
• It has also been planted in Malaysia , Indonesia and Kenya.

18. MORPHOLOGY AND PHENOLOGY
• Arjuna is a large deciduous tree about 20 to 30 m in height
• Stem bears long drooping branches
• Bark is thick , grey to pinkish green ,smooth ,thin
• Leaves are usually sub-opposite ,10-15cm long, and 4-7 cm broad
• Leaf base is rounded or heart shaped ,veins are reticulate
• Inflorescence:- Short axillary spikes or terminal panicle
• Flowers are sessile and pale yellow in color or produced in axillary spikes
• Fruit :-Drupe ,2.5 -5cm in diameter , fibrous woody ,dark brown when mature with 5
hard projecting ,veined wings
• Flowering occurs from May – June and fruits occur from October to February, while
fruits mature from January to March .
• The arjuna tree starts flowering from sixth year onwards.

19. GROWTH BEHAVIOUR
• Terminalia arjuna initial growth is slow
• Later grows very fast
• 2-3m height in 3 years
• Height 35 m
• Life span of the tree is 50 years and above.
• The plant also survives in open sunny and low rain fall areas.

20. SILVICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Seed source:- The seeds can be collected in early summer from trees that are more than 60 year old.
• Nursery practices:-Seeds are sown in nursery beds in early summer, usually just after collection. Germination commences in 8-12 days ,and is
completed in 7-8 weeks.
• Planting :- Preparatory tillage is done in the field , which should be levelled , and pits of size 45cm x 45cm are dug at a spacing of 6m x 6m.
• Site preparation:-Site preparation is important for the successful establishment of the plantation .The soil should be well- drained and the area
should be cleared of competing vegetation.
• Diseases and pest control :- Aphids (Aphis sp.) attack tender leaves and form galls on it. Spraying of biopesticides like Azadirachtin control this
pest.
• Harvesting:- It should be done in the month of April- May as it will be dry season .The thick bark should be cut. The outer layer of the bark
should be removed for the use.

21. NURSERY TECHNIQUES
• Seed collection :- seeds are collected in early summer from trees that are more than 60 year
old. Ripe fruits are collected in march either by lopping the branches .
• Seed cleaning and storage:- The seeds are cleaned and stored in sealed tins for at least one
year.
• Sowing :- The best time for sowing is in the month of Feb -March .The seeds germinate in 7-
8 weeks.
• Transplanting :- After 8-9 months we can transplant the seedling to the main field
• Field planting:- The seedlings are planted at a spacing of 6m x 6m in well – drained soil and
in sunny location .
• Irrigation :- Irrigation is recommended at 15- day intervals in the summer season for young
plantations.
• Fertilization:- 10kg FYM (farmyard manure) and NPK (nitrogen , phosphorus , and
potassium ) @75:50:30 g are added per pit and thoroughly mixed with soil as basal dose .

22. PROTECTION
1. Forest management:- Terminalia arjuna grows in forest and proper forest management practices .
2. Fire protection :- Terminalia arjuna is vulnerable to forest fire ,and fire prevention and control measures should be in place to
protect the species.
3. Pest and diseases control :- Terminalia arjuna is susceptible to several pests and diseases ,and proper management practices .
4. Reforestation and plantation management :- Reforestation and plantation initiatives can also help increase its population.
5. Conservation of genetic resources :- Conservation programs and protecting the tree`s natural habitats through conservation
reserves and forest management programs.

23. UTILIZATION
• Terminalia arjuna is a wide spread medicinal plant. The different parts of Terminalia arjuna like
bark, leaves and fruits etc. have different medicinal values and are used to cure various diseases.
• It has various medicinal properties like antioxidant ,antimicrobial, antiallergic and anti-HIV
activities.
• Arjun tree bark regulates blood pressure ,Good for heart , Diarrhea , Stomach infection
,Hypertension ,Regulates blood sugar ,Diabetes , Jaundice , Menstrual disorders
• Timber :- The hard wood is used for carts, boat building ,fuel ,outdoor /indoor furniture
• Oil is used in perfume, soaps ,creams
• Arjuna tree used as a fodder tree in agriculture areas

24. Terminalia tomentosa
Family: - Combretaceae.
Varnacular name: - Sain, ain, saj, asna, asan, pakasaj
comprises three varieties treated as distinct species by
Camble·_ terminalia crenulata (W. cost and Ghats, N.
Bengal and other moist localities).

25. DISTRIBUTION
• Terminalia tomentosa is a species of Terminalia native to southern and southeast Asia in India,
Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
• Wids, throughout the sub-continental tract including Bengal, Assam, Bihar, U.P. Indian peninsula
but does extent into Rajasthan. It is best grown along the West Coast. Plentiful in Burma.

26. PHENOLOGY
• T. tomentosa has a deciduous habit and sheds its leaves in the dry season.
• Flowers usually appear in the early wet season, typically between May and June, and are small and
greenish-yellow in color.
• Fruits, which are dark brown to black in color and elliptical in shape, usually mature between August and
September.
• The fruits are an important food source for various wildlife species, such as birds and monkeys .
• The phenology of T. tomentosa is characterized by seasonal leaf drop, flower production in the wet
season, and fruit maturation in the late wet season.

27. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS
• Deciduous trees, to 30 m high; bark 15-20 mm thick, surface grey-
black, very rough, deeply vertically fissured, horizontally cracked,
forming tessellated, thick flakes; blaze red.
• Leaves simple, opposite to subopposite, exstipulate; petiole 10-20 mm
long, stout, grooved above, glabrous; lamina 13-20 x 5-13 cm, oblong,
oblong-ovate, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-ovate; base oblique; apex acute,
round, or obtuse, margin entire or crenulate, glabrous, coriaceous,
midrib with 2 stalked glands near the base beneath; lateral nerves 10-20
pairs, parallel, prominent, intercostae scalariform, prominent.
• Flowers bisexual and dull yellow in colour. It is casually known as
Crocodile Bark tree due to the characteristic bark pattern.

28. GALLERY
Terminalia tomentosa
Commonly Known as Sain

29. GROWTH BEHAVIOR
• Flowering and fruiting period of Terminalia tomentosa is from April-May.
• It is mostly suitable for Moist and dry deciduous forests.
• As the tree stands bare during winter (November to February), it can only be identified by its
scissored and cracked bark and for this reason is sometimes known as crocodile bark tree.

30. SILVICULTURAL CHARACTERS
• A light demander, rapidly suppressed under shade. Not exacting as regards soil.
• Grows in dry hills as also on stiff clay, better than most species in the latter best growth in well
drained soil. Not capable or withstanding very severe drought.
• Frost damage apparent rather than real; leaves killed but plant lives: young seedlings killed by
severe frost.
• Browsing damage less than in the case of sal and most other species, because young plants are
without leaves in hot weather has a deep root system produces root suckers when root are exposed.
but sparingly. Trees up to Medium size coppice and pollard well: more than 4·gorth poor coppices.

31. UTILIZATION
• The wood is used for furniture, cabinetwork, joinery, paneling, specialty items, boat-building,
railroad cross-ties (treated), decorative veneers and for musical instruments (e.g. for guitar
fretboard).
• The leaves are used as food by Antheraea paphia (silkworms) which produce the tassar silk
(Tussah), a form of commercially important wild silk.The bark is used medicinally against
diarrhoea . Oxalic acid can be extracted from it. The bark and especially the fruit yield pyrogallol
and catechol to dye and tan leather.
• Water stored in the stem is often tapped and used as a source of potable water in the summer by
forest folk. It is also thought to have curative value for stomach pain.

32. Bambusa polymorpha
Family – Poacea
Common Name - Paora

33. DISTRIBUTION
Bambusa polymorpha which is commonly known as
Burmese Bamboo.
It is native to Thailand, Bhutan, Bangladesh and widely
distributed throughout North-East India.
It mostly grows in plains and occurs throughout the state,
more common in South and West Tripura.

34. PHOTO GALLERY

35. MORPHOLOGY
• Bambusa polymorpha is a large dense clumping tropical Bamboo that reach upto 15-25m in height
and 7-15cm in diameter.
• The leaves are 7-17cm long and 7-12mm wide.
• Bambusa polymorpha typically have few branches with the branches being relatively small.
• It is monoecious species meaning that it produces separate male and female flowers on the same
plant and are produced in summer.
• The rhizomes are thick and fleshy and are the primary means of reproduction.
• The seeds of Bambusa polymorpha is small and are contained in small and woody cones.

36. PHENOLOGY
• Phenology is the study of the timing of biological events, such as flowering and fruiting, in the life
cycle of a plant.
• In the case of Bambusa polymorpha, this species has been observed to flower relatively infrequently,
typically once every few decades. The exact timing of flowering can vary based on a number of
factors such as climate, soil conditions, and plant genetics.
• When Bambusa polymorpha does flower, the event is often accompanied by the death of the parent
plant. However, new shoots can emerge from the roots and continue to grow. In addition to
flowering, Bambusa polymorpha exhibits other phenological events such as the growth of new
shoots, formation of culms (stems), and development of leaves. These events are influenced by
factors such as temperature, light, and water availability.

37. GROWTH BEHAVIOUR
• Bambusa polymorpha is fast growing. It grows naturally in semi-humid areas on deep, fertile, well
drained alluvial and loamy soil.
• It usually occurs on low hill slopes along valleys, mixed with deciduous forests among teak
(Tectona grandis).
• The life cycle is probably 60years, plants die after flowering.

38. SILVICULTURAL CHARACTERISTIC
• Nursery practices: Bamboo seedlings are raised on nursery beds and they are allowed to grow in
poly pots.
• Planting: The seedlings are planted 7m x 7m for culm production.
• Site preparation: The soil should be fertile, well drained alluvial and loamy soil.
• Pests and Diseases: Bamboo mites, Bamboo borers, Fungal diseases, Bamboo mosaic virus and
Root rot.
• Harvesting: Harvesting of culms may start when it is more than 5years old.

39. NURSERY TECHNIQUES
• Propagation: Bambusa polymorpha can be propagated by rhizomes or by using cuttings taken from mature
shoots.
• Soil preparation: A well-draining soil mix that is rich in organic matter is suitable for the growth of Bambusa
polymorpha in the nursery.
• Sowing: The cuttings can be planted in soil mix in a container or raised bed.
• Watering: Regular watering is required to maintain soil moisture, especially during the hot and dry seasons.
• Fertilization: Young plants in the nursery may benefit from regular applications of a balanced fertilizer.
• Shade: Bambusa polymorpha needs partial shade in the nursery, especially during the hottest part of the day.
• Weeding: Regular weeding is important to prevent competition for water and nutrients
• Pest and disease control: Regular monitoring and prompt treatment of pests and diseases can help ensure the
health of the nursery plants.
• Hardening off: Before transplanting to their permanent location, young plants should be gradually acclimated
to full sun and wind.

40. PROTECTION
• Implement conservation measures: Protect existing stands of bamboo by designating them
as protected areas.
• Regulate harvesting: Limit the amount of bamboo that can be harvested and ensure that
only mature, non-reproductive shoots are taken.
• Encourage reforestation: Promote the planting bamboo in degraded areas to restore its
populations.
• Educate local communities: Raise awareness about the importance of bamboo and the
benefits of protecting it among local communities.

41. UTILIZATION
• Bambusa polymorpha is a bamboo with many uses.
• Construction: Bamboo is a sustainable building material and Bambusa polymorpha is
used for flooring, paneling, furniture, basket, and roofing.
• Paper production: Bambusa polymorpha can be used as a raw material in the
production of paper.
• Food: The shoots of Bambusa polymorpha are edible and are used in a variety of Asian
cuisines.
• Textiles: Bamboo fibers can be used to make fabric and clothings.