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Endocrine System and Chemical Messenger
Lec-1
Mr. Hassan Hameed
University of Education Lahore, Pakistan
(Multan Campus)
Lecture Content
Introduction of chemical messenger
Chemical Messengers
Biochemistry of hormones
Characteristics of hormones
Feedback control of hormone secretion
Mechanism of hormone action (I,II)
Introduction of Chemical Messenger
Communication
Maintenance of homeostasis in an animals
body.
Body’s response to various stimuli
One time of chemical messenger is a hormone
Only those cells that have specific receptors
for a hormone can respond to that hormone
Hormones work with nerves to communicate,
coordinate, and integrate activities with in the
body of an animal
Almost every invertibrate produces hormone
The major endocrine glands of vertebrates
include; Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid
parathyroid, Adrenals, Pineal, Thymus,
Pancreas and Gonads.
Various other tissues, however, such as the
kidneys, heart, digestive system and placenta
also secrete hormones.
Chemical Messengers
The development of most animals commences
with fertilization and the susequent division of
zygote
Further development then depends on continued
cell proliferation, differentiation and growth.
Integration, communicationn and coordination of
all physiological processes such as metabolism,
respiration, excretion, movement and
reproduction, depends on chemical messengers.
The chemical messengers are the molecules that
are synthesized and secreted by specialized cells.
Categorized;
- Local chemical messengers
(Lumones, Histamine)
- Neurotransmitters
(acetylcholine)
- Neuropeptides
- Hormones (thyroxin, insulin)
- Pheromones
Biochemistry of Hormones
Proteins (insulin)
Derrivatives of A.A (TSH)
Steroids (Sex hormones)
F.A derivates (postgladins)
Positive
- Oxytocin
Negative
- Thyroxin
Feedback control of hormone secretion
Feedback system is defined as the system in
which the controlling mechanism is itself
controlled by the product of the reaction it is
controlling. e.g iron
The endocrine system is controlled by complex
feedback mechanism in which the secretion of
a hormone is turned on or off (depends on its
concentration)
It may be Positive or Negative.
Mechanism of Hormone Action
Fixed-receptor mechanism;
Endocrine cells > secrete > water soluble hormone>
at target cells > hormones binds specific receptor
site on target cell membrane > comlexed formed >
hormone-receptor complex > complex activate
adenylate cyclase > convert ATP to AMP cyclic >
AMP then activate protein kinase > phosphorylates
cell specific proteins > that tiger biochemical
reaction> lead to cell respose.
After function > phosphodiesterase inactivates
cyclic AMP.
Meantime, receptor on the plasma membrane
loses the first messenger and now becomes
available for new reaction.
Mobile-receptor mechanism;
Steroid hormone molecules diffuses from blood
to a target cell > in cytoplasm binds to receptor
protein > steroid-protein complex >carries to
nucleus > trigers transcription of specific gene
region of DNA > mRNA translated to protein in
cytoplasm> this new protein the mediate the
cells response.
Endocrine System of Mammals
• Hypothalamus,
• Pituitary,
• Thyroid,
• Parathyroid,
• Adrenals,
• Pineal,
• Thymus,
• Pancreas,
• Testes,
• Ovraries.
Pituitary Gland
Hypophysis > below hypothalamus
Two distinct lobes:
- Anterior lobe (large, pituicytes)
- Posterior lobe (nerve endings)
Hormones of Adenohypophysis
6 different hormones
Two types of hormone;
- Tropic (Primary target > another EG)
(TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH)
- Non-Tropic
(GH, Prolactin)
Tropic hormone
TSH; > thyroid gland > thyroxin
ACTH; Hypothalamus>CRF> pituitary>ACTH
Female; LH>stimulate ovulation > mature ova,
LH also stimulate corpus luteum > ovaries, in
response release sex hormone > estrogen and
progesterone.
FSH…..?
LH; (Male) stimulate> leyding cells >
testosterone.
FSH,LH; Gonadotropins
Non-Tropic Hormone
GH; (Somatotrophic hormone), Affect all
body part concerned with Growth, induces cell
division.
Influence protein synthesis, RNA synthesis,
ribosome activity.
Prolactin; Role in reproduction such as
- stimulate reproductive migration
- mammary gland development, milk
production
Neurohypophysis Hormone
Two Hormone;
- ADH; Regulate urine secretion
- Oxytocin; Stimulate uterine contraction,
also promote milk ejection
Pineal Gland
Third eye
Darkness makes PG to produce melatonin.
Wake/sleep and seasonal changes modulation
Light inhibit enzyme need for melatonin synthesis
Affect our physiological process to adapt to
seasonal and diurnal cycles
In human, decreased melatonin secretion, triger
puberty onset
Regulate sleep pattern
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine(T4);
Tri-iodothyronine(T3);
- Both influence growth, development,
metabolic rates.
Calcitonin; help to control extracellular level
of Ca ions.
Thyroid disorder; hyperthyrodism,
hypothyrodism,
Parathyroid Gland
Secrete parathormone(PTH) > regulate conc.
of Ca , Phosphate ions in blood. That may
absorb from intestine or released by bone
tissues.
Adrenal Glands
Two gland top of kidney
Eeach gland have two part(cortex and medula)
Adreanl Cortex; secretes three hormone
1. Glucocorticoids; Cortisol > regulate
metabolism, blood sugar, also function as
defense against infection
2. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) > maintain
solute conc. In extracellular fluid
3. Sex hormones (androgens, estrogens)
Adrenal medulla;
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine > both control
heart rate and carbohydrate metabolism.
Pancreas
Synthesize,store and secrete hormone insulin
and glucagon
Somatostatin; inhibit glucagon and insulin
secretion
Pancreatic polypeptide >inhibit somatostatin
secretion
Testes
Male > testosterone secrete, which act with
LH and FSH > spermatogenesis
Testosterone necessary for growth and
maintenance of male sex organs, sex behavour,
stimulate growth of facial and pubic hair.
Testes also produce inhibin which inhibit FSH
secretion
Overies
Estrogens; regulate menstrual and estrus
cycle,mammary gland development, sec.sex
character
Progestin; placenta formation
Relaxin; soften uterus opening in delivery
Inhibin; inhibits FSH
Thymus
Behind breastbone
Role in immune and endocrine system.
Active until puberty
Produce hormone thymosin > stimulate WBC
development (T-cells).

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The Endocrine System and Chemical Messenger.pdf

  • 1. Endocrine System and Chemical Messenger Lec-1 Mr. Hassan Hameed University of Education Lahore, Pakistan (Multan Campus)
  • 2. Lecture Content Introduction of chemical messenger Chemical Messengers Biochemistry of hormones Characteristics of hormones Feedback control of hormone secretion Mechanism of hormone action (I,II)
  • 3. Introduction of Chemical Messenger Communication Maintenance of homeostasis in an animals body. Body’s response to various stimuli One time of chemical messenger is a hormone Only those cells that have specific receptors for a hormone can respond to that hormone
  • 4. Hormones work with nerves to communicate, coordinate, and integrate activities with in the body of an animal Almost every invertibrate produces hormone The major endocrine glands of vertebrates include; Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid parathyroid, Adrenals, Pineal, Thymus, Pancreas and Gonads.
  • 5. Various other tissues, however, such as the kidneys, heart, digestive system and placenta also secrete hormones.
  • 6. Chemical Messengers The development of most animals commences with fertilization and the susequent division of zygote Further development then depends on continued cell proliferation, differentiation and growth. Integration, communicationn and coordination of all physiological processes such as metabolism, respiration, excretion, movement and reproduction, depends on chemical messengers.
  • 7. The chemical messengers are the molecules that are synthesized and secreted by specialized cells. Categorized; - Local chemical messengers (Lumones, Histamine) - Neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) - Neuropeptides - Hormones (thyroxin, insulin) - Pheromones
  • 8.
  • 9. Biochemistry of Hormones Proteins (insulin) Derrivatives of A.A (TSH) Steroids (Sex hormones) F.A derivates (postgladins)
  • 11. Feedback control of hormone secretion Feedback system is defined as the system in which the controlling mechanism is itself controlled by the product of the reaction it is controlling. e.g iron The endocrine system is controlled by complex feedback mechanism in which the secretion of a hormone is turned on or off (depends on its concentration) It may be Positive or Negative.
  • 12.
  • 13. Mechanism of Hormone Action Fixed-receptor mechanism; Endocrine cells > secrete > water soluble hormone> at target cells > hormones binds specific receptor site on target cell membrane > comlexed formed > hormone-receptor complex > complex activate adenylate cyclase > convert ATP to AMP cyclic > AMP then activate protein kinase > phosphorylates cell specific proteins > that tiger biochemical reaction> lead to cell respose.
  • 14. After function > phosphodiesterase inactivates cyclic AMP. Meantime, receptor on the plasma membrane loses the first messenger and now becomes available for new reaction.
  • 15.
  • 16. Mobile-receptor mechanism; Steroid hormone molecules diffuses from blood to a target cell > in cytoplasm binds to receptor protein > steroid-protein complex >carries to nucleus > trigers transcription of specific gene region of DNA > mRNA translated to protein in cytoplasm> this new protein the mediate the cells response.
  • 17.
  • 18. Endocrine System of Mammals • Hypothalamus, • Pituitary, • Thyroid, • Parathyroid, • Adrenals, • Pineal, • Thymus, • Pancreas, • Testes, • Ovraries.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. Pituitary Gland Hypophysis > below hypothalamus Two distinct lobes: - Anterior lobe (large, pituicytes) - Posterior lobe (nerve endings)
  • 22. Hormones of Adenohypophysis 6 different hormones Two types of hormone; - Tropic (Primary target > another EG) (TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH) - Non-Tropic (GH, Prolactin)
  • 23. Tropic hormone TSH; > thyroid gland > thyroxin ACTH; Hypothalamus>CRF> pituitary>ACTH Female; LH>stimulate ovulation > mature ova, LH also stimulate corpus luteum > ovaries, in response release sex hormone > estrogen and progesterone. FSH…..? LH; (Male) stimulate> leyding cells > testosterone. FSH,LH; Gonadotropins
  • 24. Non-Tropic Hormone GH; (Somatotrophic hormone), Affect all body part concerned with Growth, induces cell division. Influence protein synthesis, RNA synthesis, ribosome activity. Prolactin; Role in reproduction such as - stimulate reproductive migration - mammary gland development, milk production
  • 25. Neurohypophysis Hormone Two Hormone; - ADH; Regulate urine secretion - Oxytocin; Stimulate uterine contraction, also promote milk ejection
  • 26. Pineal Gland Third eye Darkness makes PG to produce melatonin. Wake/sleep and seasonal changes modulation Light inhibit enzyme need for melatonin synthesis Affect our physiological process to adapt to seasonal and diurnal cycles In human, decreased melatonin secretion, triger puberty onset Regulate sleep pattern
  • 27. Thyroid Gland Thyroxine(T4); Tri-iodothyronine(T3); - Both influence growth, development, metabolic rates. Calcitonin; help to control extracellular level of Ca ions. Thyroid disorder; hyperthyrodism, hypothyrodism,
  • 28. Parathyroid Gland Secrete parathormone(PTH) > regulate conc. of Ca , Phosphate ions in blood. That may absorb from intestine or released by bone tissues.
  • 29.
  • 30. Adrenal Glands Two gland top of kidney Eeach gland have two part(cortex and medula) Adreanl Cortex; secretes three hormone 1. Glucocorticoids; Cortisol > regulate metabolism, blood sugar, also function as defense against infection 2. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) > maintain solute conc. In extracellular fluid 3. Sex hormones (androgens, estrogens)
  • 31. Adrenal medulla; Epinephrine, Norepinephrine > both control heart rate and carbohydrate metabolism.
  • 32.
  • 33. Pancreas Synthesize,store and secrete hormone insulin and glucagon Somatostatin; inhibit glucagon and insulin secretion Pancreatic polypeptide >inhibit somatostatin secretion
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. Testes Male > testosterone secrete, which act with LH and FSH > spermatogenesis Testosterone necessary for growth and maintenance of male sex organs, sex behavour, stimulate growth of facial and pubic hair. Testes also produce inhibin which inhibit FSH secretion
  • 37. Overies Estrogens; regulate menstrual and estrus cycle,mammary gland development, sec.sex character Progestin; placenta formation Relaxin; soften uterus opening in delivery Inhibin; inhibits FSH
  • 38. Thymus Behind breastbone Role in immune and endocrine system. Active until puberty Produce hormone thymosin > stimulate WBC development (T-cells).