Mount Tambora, located in Indonesia, erupted in 1815 in the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. The eruption killed over 71,000 people and destroyed the top 4,000 feet of the mountain. Large amounts of ash and dust blasted into the atmosphere, contributing to unusually cold weather conditions in 1816 known as "The Year Without a Summer" that impacted crops and caused famine globally. The eruption of Mount Tambora, a composite stratovolcano, was the indirect cause for Mary Shelley being inspired to write her classic novel Frankenstein.
BARREN ISLAND ACTIVE VOLCANO EFFECT INDIA-MYANMAR-THAILANDMYO AUNG Myanmar
Barren Island (Andaman Islands)
Barren Island erupting in 1995
Elevation 354 m (1,161 ft)
Location-Andaman Islands, India
Coordinates 12°16′40″N 93°51′30″ECoordinates: 12°16′40″N 93°51′30″E
Geology
Type Stratovolcano with pyroclastic cones
Last eruption 2013 to 2015 (ongoing)
Barren Island is located in the Andaman Sea, one of the most easterly of the Andaman Islands. It is the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia. Along with the rest of the Andamans, it is a part of the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and lies about 135 km (84 mi) northeast of the territory's capital, Port Blair. The first recorded eruption of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than ten times, with the most recent one which started in September 2010 and continued through January 2011.
After the first recorded eruption in 1787, further eruptions were recorded in 1789, 1795, 1803–04, and 1852. After nearly one and half century of dormancy, the island had another eruption in 1991 that lasted six months and caused considerable damage. There were eruptions in 1994–95 and 2005–07, the latter being considered to be linked to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.This volcanic island stands in the midst of a volcanic belt on the edge of the Indian and Burmese tectonic plates. Narcondum is a dormant volcano in the area, apart from volcanic seamounts like Alcock and Sewell.
Volcanoes are a natural and drastic erosion of hard crust due to high temperature below surface level. A small hole burst in the Ziarat region of Pakistan created small lava with no prior volcanic activity.
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
BARREN ISLAND ACTIVE VOLCANO EFFECT INDIA-MYANMAR-THAILANDMYO AUNG Myanmar
Barren Island (Andaman Islands)
Barren Island erupting in 1995
Elevation 354 m (1,161 ft)
Location-Andaman Islands, India
Coordinates 12°16′40″N 93°51′30″ECoordinates: 12°16′40″N 93°51′30″E
Geology
Type Stratovolcano with pyroclastic cones
Last eruption 2013 to 2015 (ongoing)
Barren Island is located in the Andaman Sea, one of the most easterly of the Andaman Islands. It is the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia. Along with the rest of the Andamans, it is a part of the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and lies about 135 km (84 mi) northeast of the territory's capital, Port Blair. The first recorded eruption of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than ten times, with the most recent one which started in September 2010 and continued through January 2011.
After the first recorded eruption in 1787, further eruptions were recorded in 1789, 1795, 1803–04, and 1852. After nearly one and half century of dormancy, the island had another eruption in 1991 that lasted six months and caused considerable damage. There were eruptions in 1994–95 and 2005–07, the latter being considered to be linked to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.This volcanic island stands in the midst of a volcanic belt on the edge of the Indian and Burmese tectonic plates. Narcondum is a dormant volcano in the area, apart from volcanic seamounts like Alcock and Sewell.
Volcanoes are a natural and drastic erosion of hard crust due to high temperature below surface level. A small hole burst in the Ziarat region of Pakistan created small lava with no prior volcanic activity.
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
Geography Project on Volcanoes, made by a 14 year old student as his school submission work, has almost all the required information about the Volcanoes and includes case studies & maps of major volcanic regions of the world, active volcanoes of the world, Volcanic eruptions in the modern times.
Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
TO BE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
All about Volcanoes (presented by Angel) .pptxSheluMayConde
All About Volcanoes
Volcanoes are remarkable geological structures formed by the eruption of molten rock, ash, and gases from the Earth's mantle. These natural phenomena can shape landscapes, create new landforms, and significantly impact both the environment and human societies. Understanding volcanoes involves exploring their types, formation processes, eruption mechanisms, and effects.
What is a Volcano?
A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust through which magma, gases, and ash are expelled. When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava. Over time, repeated eruptions can build up a mountain or other landform around the volcanic vent.
Types of Volcanoes:
Shield Volcanoes:
Characteristics: Broad, gently sloping sides formed by the flow of low-viscosity basaltic lava that can travel long distances.
Examples: Mauna Loa and Kilauea in Hawaii.
Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes):
Characteristics: Steep, conical volcanoes made up of alternating layers of lava, ash, and volcanic debris. They are known for their explosive eruptions.
Examples: Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount St. Helens in the USA, and Mount Vesuvius in Italy.
Cinder Cone Volcanoes:
Characteristics: Small, steep-sided cones built from volcanic fragments such as ash, tephra, and volcanic rocks ejected during eruptions.
Examples: Parícutin in Mexico and Sunset Crater in the USA.
Lava Domes:
Characteristics: Rounded, steep-sided mounds formed by the slow extrusion of viscous lava.
Examples: Mount St. Helens’ Lava Dome in the USA.
Volcanic Features:
Crater:
Description: A bowl-shaped depression at the summit of a volcano, typically formed by explosive eruptions.
Caldera:
Description: A large depression formed when a volcano's summit collapses or is blown away during a massive eruption.
Examples: Yellowstone Caldera in the USA.
Lava Flows:
Description: Streams of molten rock that pour from a volcanic vent and solidify as they cool.
Pyroclastic Flows:
Description: Fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic material that can travel down the sides of a volcano during explosive eruptions.
Volcanic Ash:
Description: Fine particles of pulverized rock and glass created during volcanic eruptions that can travel long distances.
Formation of Volcanoes:
Subduction Zones:
Description: Volcanoes often form at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate, leading to magma formation.
Examples: The Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean.
Rift Zones:
Description: Volcanoes can also form at divergent plate boundaries where tectonic plates are pulling apart, allowing magma to rise.
Examples: Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East African Rift.
Hotspots:
Description: Volcanic activity that occurs away from plate boundaries, caused by plumes of hot material rising from deep within the mantle.
Examples: Hawaiian Islands and Yellowstone.
2. 13 Details
1. Mount Tambora was formed by the active subduction zone (a convergent
plate boundary where one plate subducts beneath the other) beneath it.
2. Mount Tambora’s outburst in 1815 was the largest volcanic eruption in
recorded history of the 19th century.
3. 1816 became known as “The Year without a Summer” because of a huge
amount of dust that blasted into the upper atmosphere contributed to a
bizarre and highly destructive weather event the following year.
4. About three years before the eruption, the mountain seemed to come to life.
Rumblings were felt, and a dark smoky cloud appeared on top of the
volcano.
5. The 1815 explosion of Tambora was heard 1,600 miles away.
6. Mount Tambora was originally thought to be an extinct volcano.
7. The eruption was thought to be a battle starting from the townspeople’s
perspective.
8. Ash and Pumice found their way to neighboring islands as far as 10 miles
away!
9. Some reports claim that the eruption trigged small earthquakes.
10. Mount Tambora has caused more destruction than any other volcano.
11. Mount Tambora is located in the Ring of Fire.
12. During the “Year without a Summer”, Temperatures dropped and caused
global cooling.
13. A caldera, a large, roughly circular crater left after a volcanic explosion or
the collapse of a volcanic cone, formed after the eruption.
3. Where is it?
Mount Tambora is found on the
beautiful island of Sumbawa,
Indonesia.
Mount Tambora
4. When it Erupted
Mount Tambora erupted on April
10, 1815. Ash flew everywhere! It
reached far distances, too.
This map shows the estimated regions where ash had
fallen during the eruption. The red areas show
thickness of the volcanic ash fall.
5. Damage Caused
• The death toll was at least 71,000
people, of whom 11,000–12,000
were killed directly by the
eruption.
• It is estimated that Mount
Tambora stood about 12,000 feet This is a painting of the natives on Sumbawa running
tall before the eruption, and the away from Mount Tambora.
top 4,000 feet of the mountain
was completely demolished.
6. Benefits
In the summer of 1816, a group of
friends were vacationing in
Switzerland, but the cold and wet
weather from “The Year without a
Summer” kept them indoors. The
group decided to see who could tell
the best ghost story while they
were inside. Mary Shelley won the
best ghost story, and because of the
weather that Mount Tambora
caused, her ghost story,
Frankenstein, was published in
1818.
7. What Kind of Volcano?
Mount Tambora is an active
stratovolcano, which is also known
as a composite volcano.
A stratovolcano is a tall, conical
volcano built up by many layers of Mount Tambora
hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and
volcanic ash.