ICT more about networks And their types

1. Introduction to networking
 Computer network is a group of computers connected by shared
communication to transfer resources from one computer to another.
 It can be in wired and wireless mechanisms.
 Resource is any hard ware or software that's accessible by a computer,
network, or another object connected to a computer.
 It refers to connected computing devices and an ever-expanding array
of IoT devices to communicate one with one another.
 IOT is refers to the collective network of connected devices a wired
network uses cables to connect devices.
 Since the network is an arrangement of computers and other devices
connected to share resources and data through network service.
 A network service is an application running on a server that provides
facilities or operations such as data storage, printing, and
communication.
 Wireless network use of Radio Frequency (RF) connections between
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2.  Suppose two computers exchange data regularly. Without networking:
 On the sender's PC- send data to the external storage device such as CD,
and flash.-Move that external device to the receiver PC - On the receiver
PC, read or copy the data from that external device.
 If the data is exchanged 100 times a day, we have to follow these steps
100 times a day. In such a situation, where the data is often exchanged,
this method is neither convenient nor appropriate. So using a network is
important procedure.
 the data transfers are faster through a LAN Cable, and it works on all
versions of Windows. LAN Cable eliminates the need of plugging in and
removing out the Pen drive every time you want to transfer file(s).
Printer sharing
 To share a printer from the PC that the printer is connected to (the
primary PC) with secondary PCs that the printer is not connected to, you
must set up sharing settings for the printer, connect the printer to the
primary PC (either wirelessly or by using a USB cable), and then turn on
the printer.
 Also make sure the primary PC is turned on, connected to the printer, and
connected to the network. There are two ways to share your printer: using
Settings or Control Panel. Share your printer using Settings.
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3.  Remote access is a mechanisms of connecting to IT services,
applications, or data from a distant location with out being in the
physically the same place. This will provide for an authorized person to
access a computer or network from a geographical distance through a
network connection. Through this link, users can log on to a network or
computer remotely.
Backup and recovery
 Data backup is the technique of copying data from a primary to a
secondary place in order to safeguard it in the event of a catastrophe,
mistake, or malicious act.
 The purpose of the backup is to create a copy of data that can be
recovered in the event of a primary data failure. Business firm needs
regular just data backup. If the worst comes, whether it be a cyberattack
or a natural disaster, you can recover your crucial company data from
several applications.
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4.  Both internal and external communication use a wide range of
communication techniques.
 Mail, email, phones, cell phones, smartphones, laptops, video and web
conferencing capabilities, social networking, as well as online
collaboration and productivity platforms, are some of these tools.
 These are some of the fundamental communication techniques such as
social networking site.
 Social networks existed long before computer networking came onto the
scene. Nowadays, though, almost everyone associates social networking
with the internet. E.g. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, skype, etc.
 Internal communication is the sharing of information and ideas within
the organization, whereas external communication is the exchange of
information both inside and beyond the business.
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5.  Network classification can vary in different considerations, we can classify
networks into three major categories.
These are based on
1. Network Size (Coverage)
2. Network Shape (topology)
3. Network Link (connection)
#1 Types of Network based on size
Network can be considered with regards to its geographical area and number of
computers. Types of networks can be classified based on size can be classified
into two four major groups.
A, Personal Area Network(PAN): is a network formed by connecting a few
personal devices such as computers (desktops), laptops, mobile phones, smart
watches, and printers.
 Eg, of a PAN is where a smartphone, smartwatch, tablet, and laptop all
connect and share data without the need to connect to an access point or other
third-party network services.
 Wired PAN is set up using a wired cable on USB port. Wireless PANs are set
up using wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi.
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6. Pros
▪ PAN networks are
reasonably safe and secure.
▪ It only provides a short-
range solution of up to 10
meters.
▪ Strictly confined to a small
specific area
Cons
▪ It may make a poor
connection to other networks
using the same radio
frequencies.
▪ There are distance
restrictions.
▪ Strictly confined to a small
specific area.
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7. B, Local Area Network:
 is a group of computer or peripheral devices connected in a small network that
covers small areas like offices, schools, colleges, buildings, etc.
 It used hardware’s such as(cable ,router,etc) that connect computers and other
network device.
 It usually privately owned and needs authentication and authorization to access.
Pros
▪ Data from all network users can be kept on the server computer’s single HD
▪ Data and messages readily transferred across networked computers.
▪ It allows all LAN users to share a single internet connection.
Cons
▪ Although LANs save money due to pooled computer resources
▪ There are distance restrictions.
 Question
1.What services your network provides and how to access them?
2.Give examples for Local area networks?
3.What is the important of Local Area Network?
4.What kind of devices are used to connect the Local area network?
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8. C. Metropolitan Area Network: is a computer network that connects
computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a single large city,
multiple cities, and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings.
 This type of network is used by gov’t agencies to connect citizens and
private industries.
 In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
 The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, ATM, and ADSL.
Pros MAN, networks are widely used in cable television networks,
available in the whole city
• This network can be used in private industries.
• The LAN covers an area of 1km to 10km.
• MAN covers an area within 100km.
Cons
▪ MAN becomes bigger then it becomes difficult to manage.
▪ MAN cannot work on traditional phone copper wires.
Q1.Give examples Metropolitan Area Network?
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9. D. Wide Area Network
 provides long-distance transmission of data, image, audio, and video
information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a
continent, or even the whole world.
 A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that connect the Internet or
as simple as a dial-up line that connects a home computer to the Internet.
 The switched WAN connects the end systems, which usually comprise a
router (internetworking connecting device) that connects to another LAN
or WAN.
 The WAN link is what connects your network to everything else in the
world. It is typically received from an Internet Service Provider (ISP),
using either private or public address spacing.
 It is usually formed by interconnecting LANs, MANs, or maybe other
WANs.
 Network of ATMs, BANKs, and National or International organization
offices spread over a country, or the continent is examples of WAN.
 The internet is one of the biggest WANs in the world.
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10. PROS CONS
 Increase efficiency
 Easy of communication
 Large network cover
 Share information over the
large area
 Message can be sent very
quickly to anyone else on the
network
 It supports the global market
and global business
 Centralized IT infrastructure
 It is difficult to maintain the
network
 It is very costly because we
have to pay every time for
transferring data
 WAN is a big and complex
problem
 Security problem
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11.  A link is a communications pathway that transfers data from one device
to another.
 There are two possible types of connections:
point-to-point and multipoint.
 Point to point Network:
o It is a permanent direct communication link between two parties. Unlike
a dial-up connection, it does not need to be established via dial-up or
disconnected following communication.
o It is a kind of line configuration that describes the method to connect
two communication devices in a link.
o The point-to-point connection is unicast. There is a dedicated link
between an individual pair of sender and receiver.
o The capacity of the entire channel is reserved only for the transmission
of the packet between the sender and receiver.
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12.  is a connection established between more than two devices.
 It is also called multidrop line configuration.
 In a multipoint connection, a single link is shared by multiple devices.
So, it can be said that the channel capacity is shared temporarily by every
device connecting to the link.
 If devices are using the link turn by turn, then it is said to be time-shared
line configuration.
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13. A network topology describes the physical composition of a network.
There are several types of network topologies such as :
1. bus topology,
2. ring topology,
3. star topology,
4. mesh topology, and
5. hybrid topology.
Bus Topology:-
 also known as line topology,
 all devices in the network are connected by one central RJ-45 network
cable or coaxial cable.
 All devices have to be physically networked near each other.
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14. Pros Cons
 Less Cabling – it is less
expensive, it becomes easy to
install too.
 Small Network – This is best
suitable for a place where
there are small numbers of
computers required for
connection establishment.
 Expandable –In this
topology, the new node can be
added or removed without
affecting other nodes.
 Bus topology is not great for
large networks.
 Identification of problems
becomes difficult if the whole
network goes down.
 Need terminators are required
at both ends of the main cable.
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15. A network configuration where device connections create a circular data path.
Each networked device is connected to two others, like points in a circle.
Most ring topologies allow packets to travel in both Unidirectional and
Bidirectional.
Pros
 Adding extra device does not affect the performance of the network.
 Easy to add an extra network device.
Cons
 Whole network will fail if the cable is cut or damaged or a device on
network fails.
 Because all the device in the network are connected in a closed loop,
adding or removing a device involves shutting down the network
temporarily.
 More expensive to install than Bus network, it requires more cable to
complete the ring
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16.  Network component is physically connected to a central node such as a router,
hub, or switch.
 A central hub receives and directs messages to the correct recipients.
 It is the most widely used but requires a lot of cabling.
 b/c each device is connected to the central point.
 A star topology is designed with each node (like workstations, printers, laptops,
servers, etc.).
Pros
o A damaged cable will not stop the whole network from working. Just the
network device connected to it.
o If a switch is used, then the network is efficient as messages are only sent to
devices needing them. This also adds to security as not all devices will see a
message.
o Easy to locate faults because they will normally only involve one device.
o A new device can be added or removed without having to close the network
down.
Cons
o If the hub or switch fails, then the whole network will fail.
o Expensive to install due to the amount of cable needed and the hub or switch.
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17.  A type of networking where all nodes cooperate to distribute data amongst each
other.
 There are two types of mesh networks fully connected and partially connected.
 Mesh networks are very fault tolerant if a device or connection fails are routed
around it.
 The largest mesh network of all is the internet. Mesh networks are used to
communicate between sensors in the ‘internet of things, especially if the devices
are mobiles because of the optimum network.
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Fully connected mesh network Partial connected mesh

18.  A kind of network topology that is a combination of two or more network
topologies, such as mesh topology, bus topology, and ring topology.
 So, if you connect these two offices i.e. combining ring and star topology will
make a hybrid topology.
Pros
Hybrid Topology gives us the benefits of different types of topology.
It Handles a large volume of traffic.
It is used to create a large network.
Cons
It is a much expensive Network topology.
The design of the Hybrid network topology is very complex.
Installation of Hybrid topology is difficult.
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19. A computer network has several components to function effectively and efficiently.
These components are classified into four major categories as :
1. Network Hardware Component
2. Network Software Component
3. Network Protocol Component
4. Network Connection Medium Component
#1Network Hardware components: known as “Network Hardware Devices” that
are linked to each other through wire or wireless connection medium.
 Network Interface card ( NIC) network interface controller)
 a hardware component that is used to link multiple computers with each other
over the network.
 Wired NIC – Cables and connectors are connected to the Wired NIC, which is
embedded inside the motherboard.
 Wireless NIC – Wireless NIC has a small type of antenna, which helps to make
a connection on the wireless network.
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20.  A modem stands for “Modulator–Demodulator “a device that connects
your home, usually through a coax cable connection, to your (ISP).
 The main objective of using a modem in a computer network is to move
data from one computer terminal to another computer terminal via a
telephone line system.
Types of modems are:
 modems provide a connection between the Internet Service Provider
(ISP) and your network.
 Ethernet modem – It is connected to NIC in the computer system.
 Wireless modem – Wireless modem contains a small antenna, and it is
connected to a computer terminal through a wireless network.
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21.  It is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or sub
networks.
 It serves two primary functions:
 managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets to
their intended IP addresses and allowing multiple devices to use the
same Internet connection. Router performs all functions on the third
layer of the OSI model.
 The router checks the destination IP (Internet Protocol) address of the
received data packet, and it transfers those data packets on the best path
according to headers and forwarding tables.
Pros
 It provides sophisticated routing, flow control, and traffic isolation
 Reduce network traffic by creating collision and broadcast domains
Cons
 The router only works with rotatable network protocol, not all
protocol is routable.
 Are relatively complex devices.
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22. 1.Internet address
2.MAC address
3.Device name
1.Internet protocol address:
 is a unique identifier that allows information to be sent between devices on a
network: they contain location information and make devices accessible for
communication.
 Internet protocol can be grouped as IPV4 and IPV6. IP address is a group of
numbers.
 IPV4 use four groups of number up to three number separated by a full stop. e.g.
192.168.8.24
 IP4 can stores over 4 billons of address.
 IPv6 uses 128-bit (2128) addresses, allowing 3.4 x 1038unique IP addresses.
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23.  IPV6 uses eight groups of numbers up to four hexadecimal numbers
separated by colons. 2002:0db8:000:0042: 0000:8a2e: 0370:7334.
 IP Address can either be assigned by a network administrator or
allocated dynamically by a server running Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP).
2. MAC ADDRESS
(Media Access Control) address, sometimes referred to as a hardware or
physical address, is a unique, 12-character (six-pair) alphanumeric
attribute that is used to identify individual electronic devices on a network.
An example of a MAC address is 00-1A-3F-F1-4C-C6.
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24.  It is a device used in a wired network such as an Ethernet network.
 A small HW compot’s that helps to receive data from other d/t i/p ports and
send this got data to the appropriate o/p port, and finally destination terminal
obtains data over the network.
 A client-server network is a communications model in which multiple client
programs share the services of a common server program.
 Client obtained requests and received services from
the server side, and it uses Cnw resources such as a printer, scanners, plotters
 Server is a high-level computer that gets a high configuration. It has the
responsibility to handle all resources of the entire network system.
 On the server, a special type of operating system is installed, it is known as a
NOS. The server has some variants eg. File& database server and printing.
 File server is a computer responsible for the storage and management of data
files so that other computers on the same network can access the file.
 Database server is Database servers are networked computers on a network
dedicated to database storage and data retrieval from the database.
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25. THNAK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION !!!
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