This PPT is about Electric Vehicles and its related research

1. Overview of Electric Vehicles
Dr. T. PORSELVI
Professor/EEE
Sri Sairam Engineering College
1

2. Need for EV
The transport sector is the largest user of oil and
second largest source of CO2 emissions world-
wide.
The Indian transportation sector accounts for one-
third of the total crude oil consumed in the
country, with 80% consumed by road
transportation alone.
It also accounts for around 11% of total CO2
emissions from fuel combustion.
carbon dioxide creates an overabundance of
greenhouse gases that trap additional heat. This
trapped heat leads to melting ice caps and rising ocean
levels, which cause flooding
2
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fs3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com%2Fcontentlab.studiod%2Fgetty%2F648f7c7d2db248fb92ece57dcdd9b595&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencing.com%2Fcarbon-dioxide-affect-environment-
8583965.html&tbnid=_duAb1Ickf2_VM&vet=12ahUKEwio4q-qjZT0AhX9xaACHbtTBN8QMygEegUIARC0AQ..i&docid=7OPLMQ22AsUpoM&w=3200&h=2000&itg=1&q=effect%20of%20co2%20on%20environment&ved=2ahUKEwio4q-
qjZT0AhX9xaACHbtTBN8QMygEegUIARC0AQ

3. Sector-wise Assessment of Carbon Footprint across Major Cities
in India
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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in%2Fenergy%2Fpaper%2Fcarbon-
footprint%2FResults.html&psig=AOvVaw2abq932pv7WzdVzAlV9IAB&ust=1636717934501000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCKCnwtWfkPQCFQAAAAAdAAAAABB3

4. • The Green Energy Corridor (GEC) project was
announced by the Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.
(PGCIL) in the year 2013.
• The project focuses on integrating green energy sources
available in India like solar, wind, small hydro, tidal etc.
• GEC is developed in two parts, inter-state level, and
intra-state, The task is to renew transmission
infrastructure and services to introduce large scale
renewable capacity.
• Initially eight renewable-energy rich states were
selected.
4
Green energy corridor (GEC)
Source: PGCIL
Source: https://germipower.wordpress.com/2016/09/30/factwindow-what-is-the-green-energy-corridor-project/

5. Government policies for Transportation
• India will be a manufacturing hub for electric
vehicles within the next five years, adding that
several countries do not want to deal with China
after the COVID-19 crisis, which can be an
opportunity for India.
• Indian automotive companies are asked to boost
their electric vehicle technology and also to focus
on finding alternatives to lithium-ion battery to help
make India the next global manufacturing hub for
electric vehicles.
5

6. ELECTRIC VEHICLES
• An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or
more electric motors for propulsion.
• It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from
extravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously
by a battery (sometimes charged by solar panels, or by
converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or a generator).
• EVs include, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater
vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.
6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamsti
me.com%2Fillustration%2Fsmall-green-car.

7. Types of EV
BEV or All EV
Ex. Tata Nexon EV, Hyundai Kona Electric, Mahindra eKUV100
Hybrid EV
Ex. Toyota Prius Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid and Toyota Camry Hybrid
Plug in Hybrid EV
Ex. Mahindra e-Verito, BMW i8 and the Volvo XC90 T8.
Extended Range EV
Ex. Tesla Model S Long Range, Mercedes EQS, BMW i4
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8. Architecture of Battery-powered EV
Ref : By Jianfei Chen, Minh-Khai Nguyen, Zhigang Yao, Caisheng Wang, Le Gao, and Gangyi Hu , DC–DC Converters for Transportation Electrification Topologies,
control, and future challenges, IEEE Electrification Magazine / JUNE 2021
8

9. EV Architecture
Electric Motor
• Electric motors provide torque to the vehicle by utilizing electromagnetic fields, energy supplied by the battery, and the
torque is controlled by varying the current flow.
• The electric motor gives more than 90% efficiency as compared to ICE, it provides torque with zero speed so it allows the
vehicle with a single gear ratio between motor tire rather than multiple speed transmission.
Battery Pack
• The battery pack is the energy storing device, it must both accept and provide current to the electric machine. Battery packs
provide direct current (DC) at their output terminals. Electric machines are controlled by varying an alternating current (AC)
waveform.
Inverter
• The motor inverter provides this conversion between DC and AC and the torque control functionality.
DC-DC Converter
• A DC/DC converter is used to convert power from battery pack voltage
On-board charger
• Rectification of AC voltage from the grid to DC voltage.
• Controls the current flowing into the battery pack by controlling the DC output voltage.
• Communicates with the vehicle, off-vehicle equipment.
9

10. https://circuitdigest.com/article/different-types-of-motors-used-in-electric-vehicles-ev
DC Series Motor
EX: Traction
Brushless DC Motor-Hub or out-runner type
EX: light speed bicycles, Two wheelers
In-runner type BLDC Motor
EX: Goenka Electric Motors, Kinetic Green, Volta Automotive
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
EX: Chevrolet Bolt EV, Nissan Leaf, BMW i3
Three Phase AC Induction Motors
EX: Tesla Model S, Mahindra Reva e2o
Switched Reluctance Motors
Various types of Electric Motors
10

11. Inverter
Amirreza Poorfakhraei, Graduate Student Member, IEEE, Mehdi Narimani, Senior Member, IEEE, and Ali Emadi, Fellow, IEEE, A Review of Multilevel Inverter Topologies in Electric Vehicles: Current Status and Future Trends
https://qmpower.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2021-4-PEDG-EV-Inverter-Landscape.pdf
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/993/1/012087/pdf
11

12. DC-DC Converter
Molla S. Hossain Lipu 1,* , Mohammad Faisal 2 , Shaheer Ansari 1 ,
Mahammad A. Hannan 3 , Tahia F. Karim 4 , Afida Ayob 1 , Aini Hussain 1 ,
Md. Sazal Miah 5 and Mohamad Hanif Md Saad 6, Review of Electric
Vehicle Converter Configurations, Control Schemes and Optimizations:
Challenges and Suggestions
12

13. AC-DC Converter
13
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2FStudy-on-Loss-and-Size-
Reduction-of-Active-for-22kW-El-Shafie-
Fuengwarodsakul%2F012e5b76d81ded77430d58dce413813cae2d7ada&psig=AOvVaw2Jegr3o_WaoDjWJR6DcHxG&ust=16366
95927886000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjhxqFwoTCLCX3uDNj_QCFQAAAAAdAAAAABBV
Output Voltage 300~750V
Converts AC from grid to DC, to charge
the battery via DC-DC converter
Can be bidirectional, feeding the power
to machine during motoring and take
back the power during braking mode

14. Batteries for EV
• It has high energy per unit mass relative to other electrical energy storage systems. It also has high power-to-
weight ratio, high energy efficiency, good high-temperature performance, and low self-discharge
• Most components of lithium-ion batteries can be recycled, but the cost of material recovery remains a challenge
for the industry
Lithium-Ion
Batteries
• Nickel-metal hydride batteries have a much longer life cycle than lead-acid batteries and are safe and abuse
tolerant.
• These batteries have been widely used in HEVs
• The main challenges with nickel-metal hydride batteries are their high cost, high self-discharge and heat generation
at high temperatures, and the need to control hydrogen loss
Nickel-Metal
Hydride Batteries
• Lead-acid batteries can be of high power and are inexpensive, safe, and reliable.
• However, low specific energy, poor cold-temperature performance, and short calendar and cycle life impede their
use.
Lead-Acid Batteries
• Ultracapacitors store energy in a polarized liquid between an electrode and an electrolyte. Energy storage capacity
increases as the liquid's surface area increases.
• It can provide vehicles additional power during acceleration and hill climbing and help recover braking energy.
• They may also be useful as secondary energy-storage devices in electric-drive vehicles
Ultracapacitors
https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_batteries.html
14

15. Battery Management System
https://evreporter.com/battery-management-system-for-electric-vehicles/
15

16. BMS-Functions
• BMS continuously monitors the performances such as temperature, voltage and current to ensure its
operation in safe condition
• It monitors the voltage continuously and avoid overcharging
• It checks for the complete isolation of vehicle chassis from HV battery pack
Safety
• It maintains the SoC between the minimum and maximum charge limits for better performance
• It avoids overcharging and discharging. It controls the recharge through regenerative braking
• It performs the cell balancing to maintain the equal cell voltage and drains the energy from the cell that are
overcharged through active or passive balancing techniques
Performance
optimization
• It estimates SoC and SoH through the collected data points and are presented as %
• It checks for any anomalies in parameters and diagnose it, takes the necessary corrective action to preserve
the health of battery pack
Monitoring and
diagnosing
• It is responsible for communicating with other Electronic Control Units in the vehicle
• It does the communication with on board charger, Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) for monitoring
and controlling the charger
Communication
https://evreporter.com/battery-management-system-for-electric-vehicles/
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17. SOC and SOH
17

18. 18

19. Tips to Increase the life of an Electric Vehicle Batteries
•Parking it in the shade or plugging it in so the battery’s thermal management system
can operate on grid power
Reduce your EV’s
exposure to high
temperatures
•Leaving the car unplugged in really cold weather decreases the temperature. If you can
plug in, the thermal management system on the battery will keep it warm.
•Even when unplugged, some EVs run the thermal management system until capacity
drops to 15%, at which point things get ugly.
Minimize exposure
to cold temperatures
•If your daily travels take 30% of the battery, using the middle 30% (between 70% and
40%) is healthier for the battery than using the top 30% all of the time.
Reduce the amount of
time you spend at
100% charge
https://www.motortrend.com/news/ev-lithium-ion-battery-life-tips-tricks-advice/
19

20. Tips to Increase the life of an Electric Vehicle
Batteries
• Battery management systems normally turn an EV off well before it reaches zero
percent.
• The greater risk is keeping a vehicle unplugged for too long, causing it to self-
discharge to zero and remain there for an extended length of time.
Reduce the amount of
time an EV spends
at zero percent charge
• it’s adequate for recharging on infrequent lengthy trips—or when a last-minute
appointment depletes your 70-percent overnight charge.
Avoid fast charging
• Avoid frequent, hard and rapid acceleration
Avoid discharging faster
https://www.motortrend.com/news/ev-lithium-ion-battery-life-tips-tricks-advice/
20

21. Classification of charging system
Source: Reshma P Eldho, Deepa K,“A Comprehensive Overview On The Current Trends And Technological Challenges In Energy Storages And Charging Mechanism In Electric Vehicle” Journal of
Green Engineering (JGE) Volume-10, Issue-9, September 2020
21

22. Based on methods of power transfer
• Conductive charging
• Wireless charging:
• The hard wired interfacing between the supply and the
inlet port adds a provision for quick charging by adjusting
the power levels.
•Conductive charging systems are classified based on the
power levels as level-1,level-2, and level-3 depending on
its voltage and current combination.
Conductive charging
Source: Reshma P Eldho, Deepa K,“A Comprehensive Overview On The Current Trends And Technological Challenges In Energy Storages And Charging Mechanism In Electric Vehicle”
Journal of Green Engineering (JGE) Volume-10, Issue-9, September 2020
22

23. Wireless power transfer
Architecture of Inductive power transfer using
the magnetic coil
Architecture of capacitive power transfer using
capacitive coupling
Inductive coupling power transfer system
It involves electricity being transferred via an air gap between
two magnetic coils
Capacitive coupling power transfer system
It uses high frequency electric field to transfer energy and utilizes
two coupling plates one installed in the street and the other
appended to the underside of the vehicle skeleton.
The cost and physical size are reduced here due to the less bulky
nature of the galvanic isolation.
Source: Reshma P Eldho, Deepa K,“A Comprehensive Overview On The Current Trends And Technological Challenges In
Energy Storages And Charging Mechanism In Electric Vehicle” Journal of Green Engineering (JGE) Volume-10, Issue-9,
September 2020
23

24. Based on Power Levels
AC level 1 PEV includes on-board charger *DC level 1 EVSE includes an off-board charger
120 V, 1.4 kW (12 A)
120 V, 1.9 kW (16 A)
200-450 VDC, up to 36 kW (80A)
Est. charge time: Est. charge time (20 kW off-board charge):
PHEV: 7 hrs (SOC* - 0% to full) PHEV: 22 mins (SOC* - 0% to 80%)
AC level 2 PEV includes on-board charger *DC level 2 EVSE includes an off-board charger
240 V, up to 19.2 kW (80A) 200-450 VDC, up to 90 kW (200A)
Est. charge time (3.3 kW on-board charger) Est. charge time (45 kW off-board charger)
PHEV: 3 hrs (SOC* - 0% to full) PHEV: 10 mins (SOC* - 0% to 80%)
BEV: 7 hrs (SOC - 20% to full) BEV: 20 mins (SOC - 20% to 80%)
*AC level 3 > 20 kW, single phase and 3 phase *DC level 3 EVSE includes an off-board charger
200-600V DC (proposed) up to 240 kW (400 A)
Est charge time (45 kW off-board charger)
BEV (only): <10 mins (SOC* - 0% to 80%)
24

25. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Focw.tudelft.nl%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2FeCARS2x_Lecture_Notes_L3-
1.pdf&psig=AOvVaw0cyc3UT6slyYtiZtTL_bGS&ust=1636708546703000&source=images&cd
=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCIjDrNT8j_QCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ
Based on Charging Infrastructure
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panjit.com.tw%2Fen%2
FApplication%2FAutomotive%2FOn-
board_Charger&psig=AOvVaw0cyc3UT6slyYtiZtTL_bGS&ust=1636708546703000&sourc
e=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCIjDrNT8j_QCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP
Off Board
Charger
• High energy transfer
• Weight of EV is removed
• Better BMS system
• Fast charging
• Less complex BMS for charging
• No flexibility to recharge at various places
• Need to address battery heating issue
On Board
Charger
• Less energy transfer
• Weight of EV is added
• Slow charging
• Recharge at any place
• Problem of battery heating is not concerned
• On board rectification is used to manage BMS

26. Unidirectional
26
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.r
esearchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FBidirectional-schemes-A-single-
phase-bidirectional-charging-scheme-half-bridge-
B_fig3_324591348&psig=AOvVaw3kwgUFgNXlRi0IvcyHf3Eq&ust
=1636698545752000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqF
woTCNii-7HXj_QCFQAAAAAdAAAAABBa
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%
2Ffigure%2FUnidirectional-chargers-A-Interleaved-topology-of-unidirectional-
charger-B-
multilevel_fig2_324591348&psig=AOvVaw3kwgUFgNXlRi0IvcyHf3Eq&ust=1636698
545752000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCNii-
7HXj_QCFQAAAAAdAAAAABBf
Based on direction of power
Bidirectional

27. 27
Innovations in EV
Predicting
Driving
Range of
Battery
Electric
Vehicles ,
Smart
scheduling
algorithms ,
minimizing
the fuel usage
in hybrid
vehicle
1. Thin battery
cooling plate
heat exchanger
for minimal
temperature
gradient across
the entire
surface.
2. Fin that fits
within a given
heat sink that
lower IGBT
surface
temperature
Optimal
design of
BLDC, PMSM
and SRM of
various size,
power ratings
for EV,
controllers for
optimum
operation and
performance
Cylindrical,
Prismatic
battery cells,
Pouch battery
cells , New
materials ,
Cell design,
chemical
reactions,
battery
parameters
Wireless
Electric
Vehicle
Charging
System, Pop-
Up Pavement
Chargers,
Electric Roads
V2G involves
the
management
and control of
electric
vehicle loads
by
communicatin
g with both
the smart grid
and vehicles.
Thermal
Design
Motor &
Controller
Design
Battery
Design
Charging
Station
V2G
technology

28. IoT in EV
28
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F
978-3-030-32530-5_10&psig=AOvVaw0ABB2o7-
gzTdXclrJVy19x&ust=1636699442563000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCICUluHaj_QC
FQAAAAAdAAAAABAo
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2FIoT-Based-
Intelligent-Smart-Controller-For-Electric-Sudheer-
Kumar%2Ff0fe5155849b7ea3959f9275c71c0a22c06bebc3&psig=AOvVaw0ABB2o7-
gzTdXclrJVy19x&ust=1636699442563000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCICUluHaj_QCFQAA
AAAdAAAAABAt
IoT offers easier maintenance and management of charging devices and
fuelling processes via a user-friendly platform. The platform provides
collaboration opportunities to station owners, local service providers, global
equipment vendors as well as EV drivers.
With the IoT-powered charging apps, drivers can easily search for a nearby
station and schedule a time to fill up.
A geo-dashboard shows geographically distributed EV charging stations and
identifies the nearest EV charging

29. Machine Learning for EVs
• ML can be used to accelerate the understanding of new materials, chemistries, and cell
designs. These complex computer algorithms improve battery lifetime predictive modeling and
microstructure diagnostics
• ML can be used for predicting Driving Range of Battery Electric Vehicles to solve the problem of
“range anxiety” caused by battery performance and other factors
• With the increasing use of EVs, an effective solution for the coordination of EVs charging is required.
ML can predict the power to be used in EVs charging stations by developing smart scheduling
algorithms to manage the demand for public charging using modeling and optimization
• ML can perform the energy management problem in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) focusing on the
minimization of the operating cost of an HEV, including both fuel and battery replacement cost.
29

30. 30
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fslideplayer.com%2Fslide%2F5708404%2F&psig=AOvVaw1fzwAch5p3acHcXAAXb6qz&ust=1636733751950000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0
CAsQjRxqFwoTCPiV8cPakPQCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

31. EV business (by PSU’s)
• National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) – plans for setting up 100,000 EV
charging stations in India
• Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (power equipment PSU) plans to make batteries in
India using the Lithium technology developed by ISRO
• Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL – a national ESCO company, experienced in
large tendering process) has already issued tenders to source 10,000 EV and
about 4,000 EV chargers in India
• Rajasthan Electronics (I) Ltd, (REIL) – plans to set up 200 charging stations in
Delhi, Jaipur and Chandigarh
Source: https://www.innovasjonnorge.no/contentassets/815ebd0568d4490aa91d0b2d5505abe4/india-ev-story.pdf
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32. EV chargers business (private sectors)
• Tata Power has a set up a pilot project of EV charging in Mumbai and
is likely to install more in future
• Mahindra along with Ola has been setting up EV charging stations so
far and will continue to be aggressive about this
• Fortum India, Finland’s Utility firm, plans to enter and set up
nationwide EV Charging stations
• Lithium Urban, an EV feet firm has plans to set up 60 charging
stations
Source: https://www.innovasjonnorge.no/contentassets/815ebd0568d4490aa91d0b2d5505abe4/india-ev-story.pdf
32

33. Regional Registered EV Sale
(Jan-Dec 2020)
33

34. EV sale in INDIA
https://evreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/EVreporter-September-2021-e-magazine.pdf
34

35. State of charge of Battery
35
Battery Parameters
Nominal Voltage: 7.2 V
Capacity: 5.4 Ah
Region of operation: 40-80%
Time:50-150s
Rated load: 1kW

36. 36
Thank you