The Earth is like a big team where different parts work together to make everything work well. There are four main parts: the air around us (atmosphere), the water all around (hydrosphere), the solid ground beneath our feet (lithosphere), and all living things (biosphere). Each part has its special job. The air around us is important because we need it to breathe and live. The water, like oceans and rivers, is a big part too. The solid ground is what we walk on, and all the living things, from plants to animals, make up the biosphere. These parts work together to make sure everything is balanced and that life can happen. Learning how these parts work together helps us understand how our planet works and changes. It's like a big puzzle, and each piece is important! 1. Atmosphere The Earth's atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system that surrounds the planet. It is a mixture of gases that are held in place by the Earth's gravity. The atmosphere plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth by providing the necessary gases for respiration, regulating temperature, and protecting the planet from harmful solar radiation. 2.Biosphere (Living Things) The biosphere refers to the part of Earth where life exists. It includes the surface of the land, the ocean, the lower atmosphere, and the upper lithosphere. The biosphere is a complex and interconnected system that sustains and supports life. .Hydrosphere (Water) The hydrosphere refers to the total amount of water on Earth's surface, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and even the water vapor in the atmosphere. It is a critical component of the Earth system and plays a crucial role in supporting life and influencing climate. 4.Lithosphere (Land) The lithosphere is the outermost shell of the Earth and is composed of the Earth's crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is one of the Earth's four major spheres, along with the hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (living organisms). The term "lithosphere" comes from the Greek words "lithos," meaning rock, and "sphaira," meaning sphere.

1. Different Spheres
of the Earth
D R . H A F I Z K O S A R

2. Different Spheres of the Earth
The Earth is like a big team where different parts
work together to make everything work well. There
are four main parts: the air around us (atmosphere),
the water all around (hydrosphere), the solid ground
beneath our feet (lithosphere), and all living things
(biosphere). Each part has its special job.
The air around us is important because we need it to
breathe and live. The water, like oceans and rivers, is
a big part too. The solid ground is what we walk on,
and all the living things, from plants to animals, make
up the biosphere.
These parts work together to make sure everything is
balanced and that life can happen. Learning how
these parts work together helps us understand how
our planet works and changes. It's like a big puzzle,
and each piece is important!

3. 1.Atmosphere
The Earth's atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system that
surrounds the planet. It is a mixture of gases that are held in
place by the Earth's gravity. The atmosphere plays a crucial
role in supporting life on Earth by providing the necessary
gases for respiration, regulating temperature, and protecting
the planet from harmful solar radiation.
Composition:
The Earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen
(about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), and trace amounts of other
gases, including argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium,
methane, krypton, hydrogen, and xenon.
Layers:
The atmosphere is divided into several layers based on
temperature changes with altitude. The main layers, from the
surface of the Earth outward, are:

4. 1.Troposphere
The lowest layer where weather events occur. It contains
approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass.
2.Stratosphere
Above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer that absorbs and
scatters ultraviolet solar radiation.
3.Mesosphere
Above the stratosphere, where temperatures decrease with altitude.
4.Thermosphere
Characterized by high temperatures due to the absorption of solar
energy. The International Space Station orbits in this layer.
5.Exosphere:
The outermost layer, where atmospheric particles are very sparse,
and it transitions into outer space.

5. Functions of Atmosphere
• Protection from Solar Radiation:
The atmosphere absorbs and scatters solar radiation,
protecting life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.
• Temperature Regulation:
The greenhouse effect, caused by certain gases like carbon dioxide and
water vapor, helps regulate the Earth's temperature by trapping some of the outgoing heat.
• Weather and Climate:
The atmosphere is the stage for weather events, including clouds, precipitation,
storms, and winds. It also plays a crucial role in determining the climate of different regions.
• Greenhouse Gases:
Certain gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), water vapor, and others, trap heat and contribute to the greenhouse effect. Human activities,
such as burning fossil fuels, have increased the concentrations of these gases, leading to concerns
about global warming and climate change.

6. Functions of Atmosphere...
• Air Pressure:
Air pressure decreases with altitude. At sea level, the average atmospheric
pressure is about 101.3 kilopascals (kPa). Atmospheric pressure is crucial for weather
systems and the behavior of gases.
• Circulation:
The atmosphere is in constant motion due to the uneven heating of the
Earth's surface. This results in the formation of wind patterns, ocean currents, and
weather systems.

7. The biosphere refers to the part of Earth where life exists. It includes the
surface of the land, the ocean, the lower atmosphere, and the upper
lithosphere. The biosphere is a complex and interconnected system that
sustains and supports life.
Components of the Biosphere:
· Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding the Earth, where living
organisms obtain the oxygen necessary for respiration.
· Hydrosphere: The Earth's water bodies, including oceans, rivers, lakes,
and underground water.
· Lithosphere: The rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the soil and
rocks where plants grow and where many organisms live.·
· Biotic Components: The living organisms, including plants, animals,
fungi, and microorganisms.
2.Biosphere (Living Things)

8. 2.Biosphere (Living
Things)

9. Ecosystems of Biosphere: The
biosphere is divided into various
ecosystems, which are
communities of living organisms
interacting with each other and
their physical environment.
Examples of ecosystems include
forests, deserts, grasslands,
oceans, and freshwater
ecosystems.
Ecosystems of Biosphere:

10. Biodiversity Food Chains and Food Webs
Biodiversity refers to the variety
of living organisms in a given
area. It includes genetic diversity,
species diversity, and ecosystem
diversity. Biodiversity is essential
for the stability and resilience of
ecosystems, as different species
play unique roles in maintaining
ecological balance.
Within ecosystems, organisms are
interconnected through food
chains and food webs, depicting
the transfer of energy and
nutrients. Producers (usually
plants) convert sunlight into
energy through photosynthesis,
and this energy is transferred to
herbivores, then to carnivores,
forming a food chain.

11. Adaptations
Living organisms have evolved
various adaptations to survive in their
specific environments. These
adaptations may be structural,
behavioral, or physiological.
Examples of adaptations include the
camouflage of animals, the ability of
some plants to tolerate extreme
temperatures, and the migration
patterns of certain species.

12. Biomes
Biomes are large geographic areas
characterized by specific climate and
vegetation types. Examples include
tropical rainforests, deserts, tundras,
and grasslands. Each biome supports
a unique set of plant and animal life
adapted to its environmental
conditions.

13. Human Impact Ecological Chain
Human activities, such as
deforestation, pollution, and
climate change, have significant
impacts on the biosphere.
Conservation efforts are crucial to
preserving biodiversity and
maintaining the health of the
biosphere.
Ecological chain is the process by
which ecosystems change over
time. It involves the colonization
of new species and the
replacement of existing ones.
Primary succession occurs in areas
with no soil, while secondary
succession occurs in areas with
existing soil.

14. The hydrosphere refers to the total amount of water on Earth's
surface, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and even
the water vapor in the atmosphere. It is a critical component of the
Earth system and plays a crucial role in supporting life and
influencing climate. Here are some key details about the
hydrosphere:
Distribution of Water
About 97.5% of the Earth's water is in the oceans. The remaining
2.5% is freshwater, with the majority (about 68.7%) stored in
glaciers and ice caps. The remaining freshwater is found in
groundwater (30.1%), surface water such as rivers and lakes (0.3%),
and in the atmosphere as water vapor (0.001%).
3.Hydrosphere (Water)

15. 3.Hydrosphere (Water)

16. Oceans:
The world's oceans, including the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern,
and Arctic Oceans, are the largest component of the hydrosphere. Oceans
play a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing, storing, and
redistributing heat.
Surface Water:
Surface water includes rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. It is essential for
supporting terrestrial life and human activities. Rivers are crucial for
transporting nutrients and sediment across landscapes.
Groundwater:
Groundwater is water that is found beneath the Earth's surface in
soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. It is a vital source
of freshwater for drinking and irrigation.

17. Water Cycle:
The water cycle involves the continuous movement of water
between the atmosphere, land, and oceans. It includes processes
such as evaporation, condensation, rainfall, and overflow. The water
cycle is a fundamental mechanism for distributing and renewing the
Earth's water resources.
Importance for Life:
Water is essential for all forms of life. It is a key component of
cells, and many biological processes depend on water. Aquatic
ecosystems, such as oceans and freshwater habitats, support diverse
ecosystems and provide habitat for numerous species.

18. Climate Influence:
Water in the atmosphere, in the form of water vapor, plays a crucial role in the
Earth's climate. It contributes to the greenhouse effect and influences weather
patterns.
Human Impact:
Human activities, including pollution, overexpose of groundwater, and
alterations to natural water flows, can have significant impacts on the
hydrosphere. Issues such as water scarcity and water pollution pose challenges to
both ecosystems and human societies.
Conservation and Management:
Sustainable management of water resources is crucial for ensuring the
availability of freshwater for current and future generations. Conservation efforts
focus on protecting water quality, preventing pollution, and managing water use
efficiently.

19. 4.LITHOSPHERE (LAND)
Key features and characteristics
of the include:
1. Composition of Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the outermost shell of the Earth and is
composed of the Earth's crust and the uppermost part of
the mantle. It is one of the Earth's four major spheres,
along with the hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air),
and biosphere (living organisms). The term
"lithosphere" comes from the Greek words "lithos,"
meaning rock, and "sphaira," meaning sphere.
· Earth's Crust:
The lithosphere primarily consists of the
Earth's crust, which is divided into the
continental crust and the oceanic crust.
· Continental Crust:
It is thicker (typically 20-70 km) and less
dense than the oceanic crust. Composed
mainly of granitic rocks.
· Oceanic Crust:
It is thinner (around 5-10 km) and denser
than the continental crust. Composed mainly
of basaltic rocks.
· Upper Mantle:
The uppermost part of the mantle is also
considered a part of the lithosphere. It is rigid
and solid, unlike the deeper mantle layers
that exhibit a semi-fluid behavior over

20. 2. Tectonic Plates
The lithosphere is divided into several rigid
plates known as tectonic plates. These plates
float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath
them. Plate boundaries are areas where
tectonic plates interact, leading to various
geological phenomena such as earthquakes,
volcanic activity, and the creation of
mountain ranges
3. Tectonic Processes:
· Plate Tectonics:
The lithosphere is a crucial
component of the theory of plate tectonics,
which explains the movement of Earth's
plates and the associated geological
activities.

21. 3. Tectonic Processes:
· Subduction Zones:
Areas where one tectonic plate is forced
beneath another, often leading to the
formation of deep ocean trenches and
volcanic arcs.
· Mid-Ocean Ridges:
Underwater Mountain ranges where new
oceanic crust is formed as tectonic plates pull
apart.

22. 4.Landforms and Surface Features:
The lithosphere is responsible for the creation of various landforms,
including mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus, through
geological processes like erosion, deposition, and uplift.
5. Human Interaction:
The lithosphere is crucial for human activities, providing the
foundation for settlements, agriculture, and the extraction of natural
resources such as minerals, metals, and fossil fuels.
6. Physical and Chemical Characteristics:
The lithosphere is characterized by its rigidity and solid nature, in
contrast to the underlying, more ductile asthenosphere. It experiences
physical and chemical changes through processes like weathering,
erosion, and the transformation of rocks over time.

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