Dental waxes ppt

1. DENTAL WAXES
PRESENTED BY,
EAKETHA LOKESH
PG 2nd YEAR

2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Historical background
3. Classification
4. Individual component waxes
5. General composition of dental waxes
6. Ideal requisites of dental waxes
7. Properties of waxes
8. Different types of dental waxes
9. Summary
10. References
2

3. INTRODUCTION
• Variety of natural waxes and resins have been used in
dentistry for specific and well defined applications
• Few procedures in Prosthodontics can be completed
without the use of wax in one of its many forms.
• It is obvious that the tasks these waxes perform and
their properties vary greatly.
3

4. A low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons or ester of fatty
acids derived from natural or synthetic components,
such as petroleum derivatives, that soften to a plastic
state at a relatively low temperature.
4

5. Natural and synthetic waxes
Gums
Fats
Fatty acids
Oils
Natural and
synthetic resins
Pigments of
different types.
5

6. DEFINITION
Dental waxes can be defined as a
thermoplastic molding material that
is solid at room temperature and
when subjected to moderate
temperatures becomes a low
viscosity fluid. Waxes are
hydrocarbons or alcohols or esters
of fatty acids.
6

7. •Color coding: blue, green, yellow, red and
ivory
•These colors are useful to provide a suitable
contrast against a die that is an accurate
replica of a prepared tooth or arch form.
7

8. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Wax has been a valuable commodity for over 2000
years.
• In ancient times beeswax was used ,which was derived
from secretions that bees use to build honeycombs.
8

9. • First inlay in dentistry is credited to JOHN MURPHY of
London who was fabricating porcelain inlay in 1855.
• First cast inlay is attributed to PHILBROOK in 1897.
• TAGGART in 1907 introduced lost wax technique
9

10. CLASSIFICATION OF
WAXES
10

11. CLINICAL LABORATORY
 Bite registration
wax
 Disclosing wax
 Type I inlay wax
 Boxing wax
 Beading wax
 Baseplate wax
 Sticky wax
 Utility wax
 Type II Inlay wax
11

12. 12
Based on components of dental
waxes
Natural waxes
Synthetic waxes
Wax additives

13. •Based on origin of waxes can be classified as
– Natural : mineral origin
plant origin
insect origin
animal origin
– Synthetic waxes
13

14. TYPE OF WAX APPLICATION
Pattern wax Inlay wax
Resin wax
Casting wax
Baseplate wax
Impression wax Corrective wax
Biteplate wax
Soft impression wax
Disclosing wax
Processing wax Boxing wax
Beading wax
Sticky wax
Carding and blockout wax
Utility waxes 14
Based on uses

15. •Based on chemical composition
Waxes containing organic compounds
Hydrocarbons
Esters
Waxes containing free alcohols and acids
15

16. INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS
OFWAXES
16

17. 17

18. • Coloring agents are added for contrast of wax
patterns against tooth, die, and model surfaces.
• Some formulations contain a compatible filler to
control expansion and shrinkage of the wax product.
18

19. 19
COMPONENTS OF DENTAL WAXES
NATURAL
WAXES
SYNTHETIC
WAXES
ADDITIVES
 MINERAL
 PLANT
 INSECT
 ANIMAL
 POLYETHYLENE
 POLYOXYETHELENE
 HYDROGENATED
 OILS
 COLORS
 FATS
 NATURAL
RESINS
 SYNTHETIC
RESINS

20. 20
NATURAL SYNTHETIC
WAXES
ADDITIVES
MINERALS Paraffin
Microcrystalline
Barnsdahl
Ozokerite
Ceresin
Montan
Acrawax C
Aerosol OT
Castor wax
Flexowax C
Epolene N-10
Albacer
Aldo 33
Durawax 1032
Fats
• Stearic acid
• Glyceryl
tristeartae
Oils
• Turpentine
• color
PLANTS Carnuaba
Ouricury
Candelilla
Japan wax
Coco butter
Natural resins
Rosin
Copal
Dammar
Sandarac
Mastic
Shellac
Kauri
INSECTS
ANIMALS
Beeswax
spemaceti
Synthetic resins
Elvax
Polyethylene

21. NATURAL
WAXES
21

22. i. Paraffin wax:
Major component of most dental waxes.
Obtained from the high boiling point fractions
of petroleum.
The presence of oil in the wax however lowers
the melting temperature.
22
MINERAL ORIGIN

23. paraffin waxes used in dentistry are refined
waxes and have less than 5% oil.
They melt at in the range of 400C and 710C.
Melting temperature increases with
increasing molecular weight.
23

24. Paraffin waxes produced by current refining
procedures that can crystallize in the form of
plates, needles and small crystals
 but are usually of plate type.
Many hydrocarbon waxes undergo crystalline
changes on cooling
 transition from needles to plates occurs about 50
to 80C below their melting temperature
24

25.  Paraffin wax flakes easily when trimmed and
does not achieve a smooth and glossy surface.
 Hence other waxes and resins have to be
added to modify paraffin and improve
properties of dental waxes.
25

26. Are similar to paraffin waxes except they are
obtained from the heavier oil fractions in the
petroleum industry.
They consist of mixture of microcrystalline
hydrocarbons, which is purified branched chain of
hydrocarbons, saturated monocyclic and polycyclic
compounds and normal alkanes.
They have higher melting range (600C to 910C)
26
ii. Microcrystalline wax:

27. crystallize in small plates
tougher
more flexible than paraffin waxes.
They are darker in color and have higher viscosity.
They have an affinity for oil
hardness and tackiness may be altered by adding
oil.
27

28. Microcrystalline waxes have less volumetric
change during solidification than paraffin waxes.
These waxes are added to paraffin wax to
To raise melting point and hardness
Make material less brittle
They reduces stresses that occur on cooling
28

29. It is an earth wax found near petroleum deposits
in Central Europe and the Western United States.
It is composed of straight and branched chain
hydrocarbons, along with few closed-chain
hydrocarbons.
29
iii. Ozokerite

30. Greatest affinity for oils, and in quantities of 5% to
15% greatly improves the properties of paraffin
wax.
Unpleasant odour
Melting point 65o C
30

31. White wax extracted from ozokerite
Composed of straight and branched chain
hydrocarbons.
higher molecular weight and greater hardness
than hydrocarbon waxes distilled from crude
products.
used to increase the melting range of paraffin
waxes.
31
iv. Ceresin:

32. Hard wax obtained by solvent extraction of certain
types of lignite or brown coal.
Although they are mineral waxes, their
composition and properties are similar to
those of the plant waxes.
32
v. Montan wax

33. Composed of long chain esters.
Melting range- 720 C- 920 C
Hard, brittle and lustrous
they blend well with other waxes, and therefore
are often substituted for plant waxes to improve
the hardness and melting range of paraffin waxes.
33

34. PLANT ORIGIN
i. Carnauba wax and Ouricury wax:
Both composed of straight chain esters, alcohols
and hydrocarbons.
Characterized by high hardness, brittleness and
high melting temperatures
34

35. Both possess the outstanding quality of increasing
the melting range and hardness of paraffin waxes.
Adding 6% of carnauba wax to paraffin wax with a
melting range of 200C, increases the melting range
to 460C.
35

36. Consists of 40 to 60% paraffin hydrocarbons
containing 29 to 33 carbon atoms, accompanied by
free alcohols, acids esters and lactones.
Melting range is lower than carnauba wax( 63-
700c)
Like carnauba and ouricury wax, they harden
paraffin waxes but are not so effective for
increasing melting range
Craig et al. Properties of natural waxes used in dentistry. J.Dent. Res.Nov-
Dec 1965
36
ii. Candelilla wax

37. Chiefly fat
Obtained from berries of certain sumac
Glycerides of palmitic acid and stearic acid
Tough, malleable and sticky
Melting point: 51oc
Mixed with paraffin to improve tackiness and
emulsifying ability
Craig et al. Properties of natural waxes used in dentistry. J.Dent.
Res.Nov-Dec 1965 37
iii. Japan wax (Sumac wax)

38. Chiefly fat
Composed of glycerides of stearic acid, palmitic,
oleic, lauric, lower fatty acids
Brittle at room temperature
38
iv. Coco butter

39. • Used to protect against dehydration of soft tissues
• To protect GIC from moisture or dehydration during
their setting.
39

40. INSECT ORIGIN
Obtained from honey combs
desirable flow properties
Is a brittle material at room temperature
becomes plastic when heated.
Craig et al. Properties of natural waxes used in dentistry. J.Dent.
Res.Nov-Dec 1965 40
Beeswax

41.  Melting temp range : 63-70oc
 Mixture of saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons, organic acids and myricyl palmitate
 Main component of sticky wax
41

42. ANIMAL ORIGIN
Obtained from the sperm whale
 Mainly esters
 Not used extensively in dentistry
 Some times used for coating the dental
floss
42
Spermaceti wax

43. SYNTHETIC
WAXES
43

44. Synthetic waxes are produced by
 combination of various chemicals in the
laboratory
 chemical action on natural waxes
Such as chlorine in the preparation of halogenated
waxes and hydrogen in the manufacture of
hydrogenated waxes
44

45. • Differ from natural waxes in certain characteristics
high degree of refinement, in contrast with the
contamination that is common in natural waxes.
45

46. Synthetic waxes include
• Polyethylene waxes
• polyoxyethylene glycol waxes
• Halogenated hydrocarbon waxes
• Wax esters from reaction of fatty alcohol and acids
46

47. WAX
ADDITIVES
47

48. I. GUMS
Viscous, amorphous exudates that harden on
exposure to air
largely carbohydrates.
when they are mixed with water, they either
dissolve or form sticky, viscous liquids.
48

49. • GUM ARABIC and TRAGACANTH are two natural
gums (do not resemble waxes in either their
properties or composition)
49

50. II. FATS
Esters of various fatty acids
Tasteless, odorless and colorless (pure form)
Increase the melting range and hardness of the
compounded wax
Craig et al. Properties of natural waxes used in dentistry. J.Dent.
Res.Nov-Dec 1965 50

51. Hydrocarbon oils may be used to soften mixtures
of waxes
Small quantities of silicon oils may be added to
improve the ease of polishing with waxes.
51

52. III. RESINS
52
NATURAL RESINS SYNTHETIC RESINS
Dammar polyethylene
Rosin vinyl resin
Sandarac polystyrene
Shellac
Copal

53. • Complex, amorphous mixtures of organic substances
• Characterized by specific physical behavior rather
than by any definite chemical composition.
• Many species of trees and other plants produce
exudates of natural resins such as dammar, rosin or
sandarac ,
• Except shellac which is produced by insects.
53

54. • Most of the natural resins like dammar blend with
waxes to get the desirable properties for dental
applications.
• Synthetic resins, such as polyethylene and vinyl resins
of various types may be added to paraffin waxes to
improve their toughness, film forming characteristics
and melting ranges.
54

55. GENERAL
COMPOSITION OF
DENTAL WAXES
55

56. COMPONENT INGREDIENT EXAMPLE
Base Paraffin
Modifiers High molecular
weight
hydrocarbon or
ester
Beeswax
Carnauba wax
Candelilla wax
Ceresin
colorants
56

57. IDEAL
REQUISITES OF
DENTAL
WAXES
57
 Should flow easily
 Should be dimensionally stable
 Should have a pleasant colour
and should possess a colour
contrast to help during carving
and proper finishing of
margins.
 When softened, the wax
should be uniform

58. 58
 Should be tough and rigid at
room temperature and not
brittle.
 Should have a low softening
temperature
 It should have a low
coefficient of thermal
expansion
 Should reproduce finer

59. 59
 It should not leave any
residues when wax is
eliminated from the mould
 Should be cheap and easy to
use.
 Should be sufficiently strong
to resist abrasion and
distortion.

60. PROPERTIES
OF WAXES
60

61. Thermal properties
Mechanical properties
Flow/ rheological properties
Residual stress
Burnout
61

62. THERMAL
PROPERTIES
Melting point/ range
Softening temperature
Thermal conductivity
The coefficient of thermal expansion
62

63. I. MELTING RANGE
63
• Because waxes are mixtures of different components,
they donot have a single temperature
• Donot have a melting points
• Rather they have “ MELTING RANGE”

64. • At a low end of the range, some but not all
components melt, which causes the wax, still solid , to
flow much more.
• As the temperature ↑ ses through the melting range,
more of the components melt and the wax flow
severely & eventually all components become liquid.
• Significance: mixing of waxes can change their
melting range.
64

65. II. SOFTENING TEMPERATURE
Waxes exhibit solid-solid transition temperature ,
which is closely related to the softening
temperature.
65

66. 66
Typical thermograph of wax indicating solid-
solid transition (a) and melting point (b)

67. • This peak is indicative of a solid-solid transition
involving a change in the crystal structure of the wax.
• The change in the crystal structure is accompanied by
a change in the in the mechanical properties and the
wax is converted from a relatively brittle solid to a
much softer, moldable material.
• For this reason the solid-solid temperature is referred
to as softening temperature.
67

68.  Clinical significance:
 For many applications of waxes, the softening
temperature should be just above the mouth
temperature.
the material may be introduced into the mouth in a
moldable state
but will become relatively rigid at mouth temperature.
68

69. III. CO-EFFICIENT OF THERMAL
EXPANSION
• Major factor affecting the accuracy.
• Waxes expand when subjected to a rise in
temperature and contract as the temperature is
decreased .
69

70. • Dental waxes and their components have the largest
co-efficient of thermal expansion of any material used
in restorative dentistry.
• Very large coefficient of thermal expansion –150-
400ppm /0 C
• Due to this large COTE, contraction of wax patterns
take place by about 0.3% to 0.8% when cooled from
370c to room temperature
70

71. IV. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Waxes are poor conductors of heat
Thus temperature should be maintained above the
solid-solid transition temperature for long enough
to allow thorough softening to occur throughout
the material before molding is attempted
The practical implication is heat slowly and
uniformly.
71

72. The different methods of softening wax
 Bunsen burner
 water bath
 infrared lamp
 wax annealer.
72

73. Some manufacturers
have come up with bite
wafers containing
copper and baseplate
wax containing
aluminium powder for
improving thermal
conductivity.
73

74. The poor thermal conductivity is an advantage
when carved wax surface is to be polished.
A brief exposure to a flame as it is passed quickly
over the surface achieves the necessary melting so
that the liquid can self-level driven by surface
tension.
74

75. MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Brittleness
Modulus of elasticity
Ductility
75

76. I. BRITTLENESS
Denture waxes need toughness since the wax
denture base may have to be removed from a
slightly undercut cast many times without
fracturing.
Inlay wax need to be brittle, so that the wax will
fracture rather than distort on removal from the
undercut cavity.
76

77. II. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
:
• Low compared to other dental materials
• very important in hygroscopic expansion of casting
investment in which the wax pattern is subject to
stresses resulting from the expansion of the
investment during setting.
• Using waxes having different elastic moduli for
particular part of the wax pattern can minimize non-
uniform deformation of wax pattern.
77

78. III. DUCTILITY
Ductility increases as the temperature of a wax
specimen is increased .
waxes with lower melting temperatures have a
greater ductility of any given temperature than
those with higher melting temperatures.
78

79. FLOW / RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
• This property of flow results from the slippage of
molecules over each other.
• Flow of waxes is desirable as a part of the molding
process but becomes undesirable after the wax
pattern or impression has been made.
79

80. • The flow of wax of is dependant on
1. The temperature of wax
2. The force acting
3. The time the force is applied
80

81. • The higher the temperature, the greater the force and
the longer the time to which the wax is subjected to
those conditions, the greater the extent of flow.
81

82. RESIDUAL STRESS
• Distortion by relaxation of internal stresses
• Residual stress is typically the result of adapting wax
which is unevenly heated,
• but the relatively large thermal contraction of wax on
cooling may also induce stresses in the material.
82

83. BURN OUT
• The removal of wax from denture mould is a straight
forward procedure and easy.
• But the elimination of the wax from casting
investment mould is more complex.
• A combination of physical and chemical processes are
required to ensure that the mould space is clear.
• The wax should not leave any residues in the mould.
83

84. 84

85. TYPES OF
DENTAL WAXES
85

86. TYPE OF WAX APPLICATION
Pattern wax Inlay wax
Resin wax
Casting wax
Baseplate wax
Impression wax Corrective wax
Biteplate wax
Soft impression wax
Disclosing wax
Processing wax Boxing wax
Beading wax
Sticky wax
Carving and blockout wax
Utility waxes
86

87. PATTERN WAXES
• used to form the carved pattern.
• used to form the general predetermined size and
contour of an artificial dental restoration
• to be constructed of a more durable material such as
cast gold alloys, cobalt chromium alloys.
87

88. IMPRESSION WAXES
•primarily used to take impression of the
edentulous region in the mouth.
•exhibit high flow at mouth temperature,
hence the name “mouth temperature waxes”.
88

89. PROCESSING WAXES
•primarily used as auxiliary aids in constructing
a variety of restoration and appliances either
in the clinic or in the laboratory.
89

90. INLAY WAX
90

91. INLAY WAX
• specialized dental wax that can be applied to dies to
form direct or indirect patterns for the lost wax
technique
• used for casting metals or hot pressing of ceramics.
91

92. • Supplied as Blue, green or purple rods or sticks
• about 5 to 7cms long and 6mm in diameter.
• Also available in the form of small pellets or cones in
jars
92

93. Classification
According to ADA Spec. No. 4
Type - 1, Medium wax used for forming direct
patterns in the mouth.
Type – II, soft wax used for indirect technique for
inlays and crowns.
93

94. IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF INLAY
WAX
 Should uniformly soften without becoming
flaky or laminated.
 Should be smooth after molding and carving.
 Should be sufficiently plastic at temperature
slightly above mouth temperatures to permit
flow into all details of the cavity.
94

95.  Should harden sufficiently at mouth temperature.
 The colour should be such that it contrasts with
teeth and die material.
95

96. COMPOSITION
Paraffin 40-60% Base
Ceresin 10% modifier
Carnuaba wax 25%
Gum dummar 1%
Candelilla wax
Synthetic wax
colorants <1%
96

97. • Paraffin wax
main ingredient, which establishes the melting point.
• Ceresin
Partially replaces paraffin wax.
increases the toughness and makes it easy for
carving.
97

98. • Gum Dammar
improves smoothness
makes the inlay wax more resistant to cracking and
flaking
increases toughness of the wax
enhances luster of surface.
98

99. • Carnauba wax
reduces the flow at oral temperature
quite hard
high melting point
agreeable odour
gives glossiness to the wax surface.
99

100. • Candellila Wax
Usually replaces carnauba wax, but this has a low
melting range and it is not as hard as carnauba wax.
100

101. PROPERTIES OF
INLAY WAX
101

102. I . FLOW
According to ADA spec. no: 122
At 45 ºc → both type I and Type II should have flow
between 70-90%
At 37 ºc → Type I should not flow more than 1 %
At 30ºc → Type II should not flow more than 1%
102

103. The flow is restricted for Type I, since it is used to
fabricate direct wax pattern.
permits carving and removing of pattern from the
prepared cavity at oral temperature without
distortion.
Flow is reduced by adding carnauba wax or
beewax.
103

104. II. HOMOGENECITY
• The components of the wax should be evenly
distributed since it should have same properties
through out the solid
III. DUCTILITY
• moderate ductility
104

105. IV. BURNOUT
• The wax patterns are to be melted and vaporized
completely from the investment mold
• It is essential that no excessive residue occur.
• The specification limits non-volatile residues to a
maximum of 0.01% at 700oc
105

106. V. CONTACT ANGLE
• When the wax is melted it should wet the surface of
the material to which it is being added and spread
easily (low contact angle)
106

107. VI. WARPAGE OF WAX PATTERN
• Inlay pattern wax has a high co-efficient of expansion
• Tends to warp or distort when allowed to stand
unrestrained.
107

108. • This quality of wax pattern is related to the release of
residual stress developed in the pattern during the
process of formation .
• The release of internal stress and subsequent
warpage are associated with the storage temperature
and time.
108

109. VII. THERMAL PROPERTIES
• A decrease of 120 to 130C in temperature, from mouth
temperature to a room temperature of about 240C,
causes a 0.4% linear contraction of the wax.
109

110. FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL
EXPANSION
 If the wax is allowed to cool under pressure its thermal
properties are changed.
When reheated, the linear coefficient of thermal
expansion is increased.
The temperature of the die and the method used to
apply pressure to wax as it solidifies also influences the
co-efficient of thermal expansion
110

111.  Carving should not cause chipping or flaking
 should be cohesive, not adhesive.
 should vaporize at temperatures (400 to 5000C)
without leaving any residue.
 should be dimensionally stable on temperature
changes (should not expand or shrink on melting or
solidifying)
 should not adhere to instruments
111

112. MANIPULATION OF INLAY
WAX
Direct technique
Indirect technique
112

113. 113

114. 114

115. 115

116. CASTING WAX
oPatterns for metal frameworks of removable cast
partial dentures.
oCrown and bridge patterns
116

117. 117
28 and 30
gauge (0.4
and 0.32mm)
thickness
round, half round
and half pear shaped
rod wires

118. Classification according to the Federal Specification No: U-
W-140
Class A – 28 gauge, pink
Class B - 30 gauge , green
Class C – readymade shapes, blue
118

119. –Max. flow at 35oc – 10%
–Min. flow at 38oc- 60%
–Readily adaptable at 40-45oc
–Vaporizes at 500º C without any residue
119

120. BASE PLATE WAX (MODELLING
WAX)
• Derives its name from its use on baseplate tray.
• ADA specification no: 24
120

121. 121
Making occlusal rims
for registering the
vertical dimension,
arch form and plane
of occlusion.
Holding and
arranging artificial
teeth.

122. 122
Extension of
impression tray
Spacer in custom
tray for complete
denture

123. 123
To check articulating relations in the
mouth and to transfer them to the
articulator

124. •Classification:
ADA Sp. No. 24
Type 1 : Soft wax used for building contours and
veneers.
Type 2 : Hard wax patterns to be tried in the
mouth in temperate climate.
Type 3 : Extra hard wax, patterns to be tried in the
mouth in tropical climate.
124

125. BEADING AND BOXING WAX
• It is normally used to form a
matrix or mold around an
impression, so that it can be
poured with tissue side up.
• Such a technique minimizes
the amount of model
trimming and better controls
the thickness of cast base.
125

126. •Boxing wax
Long red strips
thickness 1/8 inch
width 1and ½ inches
length 12 inches
126

127. 127

128. • As per the Federal Specification No U-W-138 the
properties are
It should be pliable at 210C.
It should retain its shape at 35oC
They should be readily adaptable to impression at
room temperature.
It should be slightly tacky and have sufficient
strength and toughness for ease of manipulation.
It should seal easily to plaster with hot spatula.
128

129. UTILITY WAX
Soft, adhesive and pliable wax
consists of beewax , petroleum and other soft waxes.
129

130. Used to modify the peripheral portion of
impression trays so that they more adequately
conform to the size and shape of dental arch.
Used to cover sharp brackets and wires in
orthodontic appliances.
130

131. STICKY WAX
131
USED FOR
 In denture repair
 Assembles components of fixed partial
denture and wrought partial dentures
Yellow beeswax, paraffin
and rosin

132. PROPERTIES
•Brittle at room temperature
•Thick consistency when heated
•Not more than 0.5% shrinkage from 43oc to
28oc
•Not more than 0.2% residue on burnout
132

133. BLOCK OUT WAX
• It is a type of processing wax.
• Used for filling the undercut area on the cast during
processing of the Cr-Co frame work.
133

134. DISCLOSING WAX
• Identify unequal pressure points in a denture
• Pressure indicator wax
134

135. LOW FUSING IMPRESSION WAX
Properties
Flow when subjected to controlled pressure
Indication
Reline and rebase dentures
135

136. Advantages
Boxing and separators not necessary while pouring the
cast
Disadvantages
Easily gets distorted
136

137. CORRECTIVE IMPRESSION WAX
137
Composition
• Paraffin
• Ceresin
• Beeswax
• Metal particles
 Korecta or Iowa wax

138. PROPERTIES INDICATIONS
•Soft wax -100% flow
at 37C
• Edentulous impressions
• Wax veneer over an
impression to contact and
register the details of soft
tissue
• Correcting small localized
imperfections in other
impressions 138

139. BITE REGISTRATION WAX
139
Composition
• Paraffin
• Ceresin
• Beeswax
• Alumina or copper particles
Eg: aluwax

140. ALUWAX
140
• Contains powdered
aluminum
• Increase the integrity of
the compound
• Provide the heat retention
properties needed for
efficient modeling.

141. SUMMARY
Dental waxes are available in different forms, shapes,
sizes and compositions depending on the function it
has to perform.
The waxes used in dentistry normally consist of two
or more components which may be natural or
synthetic waxes, resins, oils, fats and pigments.
141

142. Blending is carried out to produce a material with the
required properties for specific applications.
Waxes are thermoplastic materials which are
normally solids at room temperature but melt without
decomposition to form mobile liquids.
142

143. REFERENCES
• Anusavice KJ: Phillips science of dental materials,
2012,11th edition, Elsevier
• O’ Brien WJ: dental materials and their selection, 9th
edition, 2008, Quintessence publishers
• Powers JM, Wataha JC: Dental materials: properties
and manipulation,2008, 9th edition, Elseiver, St Louis
• Mahalakshmi S. Materials used in dentistry, 2013,
Wolter Kluwer,Haryana
143

144. • Bhat VS, Nandish BT. Science of dental materials:
clinical applications,2nd edition, CBS publishers
• McCabe JF, Walls AWG.Applied dental materials ,9th
edition, Blackwell munkgaard
• Craig RC, Powers JM. Restoraive dental materials, 11th
edition, 2005, elseiver, St louis
144

145. • Ito M, Yamagishi T, Oshida Y, Munoz CA. Effect of
selected physical propertiesof waxes on investments
and casting shrinkage. J Prosthet Dent
1996;75(2):211-6
• Kotisiomiti E, McCabe JF. Stability of dental waxes
following repeated heatings. J Oral
Rehabil1995;22(2);135-43
• Kotisiomiti E, McCabe JF. Experimiental wax mixture
for dental use. J Oral Rehabil 1997;24(7):517-21
• Iglesias A, Powers JM, Pierpont HD. Accuracy of wax,
autopolymerized resin pattern materials. J
Prosthodont 1996; 5(3);201-5
145
JOURNAL REFERENCES

146. • Ito M, Kuriowa A, Nagasawa S, Yoshida T, Yagasaki H.
Effect of wax melting range and investment liquid
concentration on the accuracy. J Prosthet Dent
2002;87:57-61
• Craig RG, Eick JD, Peyton FA. Flow of binary and
teritiary mixture of waxes. J Den Research
1966;45(2):397-403
• Zeltzer C, Lewinsten I, Grayower R. Fit of crown wax
patterns after removal from die. J Prosthet Dent
1985;53(3):344-6
146

147. 147