2. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
• Biomedical waste/ Hospital
waste refers to any waste
generated while providing
healthcare, performing
research and undertaking
investigations or related
procedures on human beings
or animals in hospitals, clinics,
laboratories or similar
establishments.
3. POTENTIAL HAZARDS
• Biomedical waste is far more dangerous and offensive than domestic
waste because :
1. It contains infectious or hazardous materials.
2. It may contain sharps such as needles or broken glass.
4. 3. If kept untreated, it undergoes fermentation and tends to attract flies
and other insects, birds and animals.
4. It can attract rag pickers, who repack disposables or drugs and sell
them.
5. • Biomedical waste can be serious pollutants of air, water , soil unless
carefully managed.
• The government of India declare the Medical Waste ( Management
and Handling) rules,1998.
6. • Under which the persons who are in charge of medical and other
institution where such wastes are generated (occupiers) are held
legally responsible for maintaining the conditions present in the rules.
• These rules comes into effect from 1 Jan 2003.
7. • The amount of waste generated under Indian conditions has been
estimated as 1 to 2 kg per bed per day.
• The waste is composed of different types of wastes, of which on an
average about 85% is harmless and only 15% is hazardous, which
includes infectious waste.
12. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT
• Effective waste management requires a clean and tidy
environment, since waste tends to accumulate in dirty
environment.
• The hospital and its premises should be maintained in a clean and
hygienic state.
13. • This requires frequent soap and water washing, mopping and good
housekeeping practices.
• The objectives of bio waste management are to prevent harm
resulting from waste minimize it’s volume, retrieve reusable materials
and ensure safe and economical disposal.
14. STEPS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. REDUCTION in volume can be achieved by proper planning and
using reusable items wherever safely possible.
2. SEGREGATION refers to the separation of waste at the point of
generation into the various types with respect to their category and
mode. For this we use different colored container.
15. 3. STORAGE refers to the measures taken to ensure that biomedical
waste is kept safely at the point of generation before being sent to the
biomedical waste treatment facility.
16. 4. TRANSPORTATION refers to the movement of waste from the point
of generation to the treatment facility.
5. TREATMENT means all the procedures intended to reduce the bulk of
the waste and make it non infectious and harmless.
17.
18. COLOUR CODED BAGS FOR BIOMEDICAL
WASTE SEGREGATION AS PER 2016 RULES
24. WASTE TREATMENT
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
1. Useful method in small healthcare settings such as clinics.
2. Also and important preliminary process before final treatment.
3. For example, contaminated materials such as sputum or pus must
be disinfected before being buried or autoclaved.
25.
26. DEEP BURIAL
• Where large areas of uninhabited land are available, this is a
convenient method for waste treatment.
• After chemical disinfection materials are placed in deep trenches,
covered with lime and filled with soil.
• Safe method for disposal of sharps.
27.
28.
29. INCINERATION
• Safe method to treat large solid infectious waste particularly
anatomical waste and amputated limbs, animal carcasses and similar
materials.
• The incinerator exposes the waste materials to a very high
temperature, converting the materials into ash, which would be only
about a tenth of original volume.
• It is expensive and generally used only by very large establishments.
30.
31.
32. AUTOCLAVING
• Widely used in
laboratories and
clinics for treating
infectious waste
before disposal.
33. MICROWAVING
• Useful method of sterilization of small volume waste at the point of
generation.
• Cannot be used for animal or human body parts, metal items or toxic
or radioactive materials.
34.
35. INERTISATION
• This process involves mixing waste with cement and other substances
before disposal, in order to minimize the risk of toxic substances
contained in the wastes migrating into the surface water or ground
water.
36.
37. LIQUID WASTE
• Pathological, chemical and toxic liquid waste should be appropriately
treated with disinfectants or reagents and neutralized before flushing
into the sewer.
38. • Proper disposal of hospital waste constitutes an important measure
to prevent healthcare associated infections, for the first rule in
medicine as well as nursing is PRIMUM NON NOCERE – first, do no
harm.
