(ZARA) Call Girls Jejuri ( 7001035870 ) HI-Fi Pune Escorts Service
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
1. Wireless Metropolitan
Area Networks
CS4492 Wireless and Broadband Networking
Dilum Bandara
Dilum.Bandara@uom.lk
Some slides extracted from GSM & GPRS Primer by By Erick O’Connor
3. Global System for Mobile (GSM)
For voice services
TDMA-based, circuit switching, digital cellular
system
Frequency bands
3
4. AUC Authentication Centre
BSC Basestation Controller
BTS Basestation Transceiver
EIR Equipment Identity Register
GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Centre
HLR Home Location Register
ISC International Switching Centre
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
MSC Mobile Switching Centre
PDN Packet Data Network (X25)
PSTN Public Switched Telephony Network
SIWF Shared Interworking Function
VLR Visitor Location Register
XCDR Transcoder (16 / 64kbps coding)
Basic GSM Network Elements
BTS
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
MS + SIM
XCDR
Radio Subsystem
GMSC
ISC
PSTN
ISDN
PDN
MSC
SIWF
Network Subsystem
VLR
EIR
AUC
HLR
User Data &
Authentication
5. Basic GSM Network Elements (Cont.)
Mobile Equipment/Station
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Wireless transmission
Wireless channel encryption
Conversion between wired & wireless signals
Frequency hopping
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Managing wireless network
Monitoring BTS
Wireless link distribution between MS & BTS
Communication connection & disconnection
MS location, handover, & paging
Voice encoding, transecoding (TC), rate adaptation 5
6. Basic GSM Network Elements (Cont.)
Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC)
All switching functions
Manages necessary radio resources
Updating location registration
Inter-working with other networks
Home Location Register (HLR)
Manages mobile subscribers database
Subscriber information
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Dynamically stores subscriber information needed to handle
incoming/outgoing calls
Mobile station roaming number
Authentication Center(s) (AUC)
Provide authentication key used for authorizing the subscriber 6
7. GSM Data Frame Structure
2 data frames per connection
Shared data rate of 270 Kbps or 33.85 Kbps per user 7
8. WAP – Wireless Application Protocol
Goals
Deliver Internet content & enhanced services to mobile devices
& users
Mobile phones, PDAs
Independence from wireless network standards
Platforms
GSM (900, 1800, 1900), CDMA IS-95, TDMA IS-136, 3G
systems (IMT-2000, UMTS, W-CDMA, cdma2000 1x EV-DO),
etc.
Forum
WAP Forum Open Mobile Alliance
Co-founded by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, Unwired Planet
8
9. WAP – Scope of Standardization
Browser
“Micro browser”, similar to existing, well-known browsers in
desktops
Script language
Similar to Java Script, adapted to mobile environment
WTA/WTAI
Wireless Telephony Application (Interface)
Access to all telephone functions
Content formats
E.g., business cards (vCard), calendar events (vCalendar)
Protocol layers
Transport layer, security layer, session layer, etc.
9
10. WAP – Network Elements
10
Wireless Network
Fixed Network
WAP
proxy
WTA
server
filter/
WAP
proxy
web
server
filter
PSTN
Internet
Binary WML: binary file format for clients
Binary WML
Binary WML
Binary WML
HTML
HTML
HTML WML
WML
HTML
11. WAP Logical Model
11
Origin Servers
web
server
other content
server
Gateway Client
other
WAE
user agents
WML
user agent
WTA
user agent
encoders
&
decoders
encoded
request
request
encoded
response
with
content
response
with
content
push
content
encoded
push
content
12. WAP 1.x – Reference Model & Protocols
12
Bearers (GSM, CDPD, ...)
Security Layer (WTLS)
Session Layer (WSP)
Application Layer (WAE)
Transport Layer (WDP)
TCP/IP,
UDP/IP,
media
SSL/TLS
HTML, Java
HTTP
Internet WAP
WAE comprises WML (Wireless Markup Language), WML Script, WTAI etc.
Transaction Layer (WTP)
additional services
and applications
WCMP
A-SAP
S-SAP
TR-SAP
SEC-SAP
T-SAP
13. WAP 2.0 (July 2001)
Integration of WWW, Internet, WAP, i-mode
New for developers
XHTML
TCP with “Wireless Profile”
HTTP
New applications
Color graphics
Animation
Large file download
Location based services
Synchronization with PIMs
Pop-up/context sensitive menus
13
14. WAP 2.0 Architecture
14
Service
discovery
Security
services
Application
framework
Protocol
framework
External
services EFI
Provisioning
Navigation
Discovery
Service
Lookup
Crypto
libraries
Authenti-
cation
Identification
PKI
Secure
transport
Secure
bearer
Session
Transfer
Transport
Bearer
Multimedia Messaging
(Email)
WAE/WTA User Agent
(WML, XHTMLMP)
Content
formats
Push
IPv4
IPv6
CSD
SMS
USSD
FLEX
GPRS
MPAK
...
...
Datagrams
(WDP, UDP)
Connections
(TCP with
wireless profile)
Hypermedia transfer
(WTP+WSP, HTTP)
Strea-
ming
MMS
Push
OTA
Capability Negotiation
Synchronisation
Cookies
15. Criticism for WAP
Odd WML language
WML cut users off from HTML
Under-specification of terminal requirements
Compliant devices would not necessarily interoperate
properly
Constrained user interface capabilities
Lack of good authoring tools
No easy way to publish content that would
interoperate flawlessly with many models
Lack of user agent profiling tools
Web server didn’t know who the client is 15
16. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Added to GSM to support data services
2.5G
Aggregate data rate of 72.4 Kbps
Packet oriented approach
Dynamic, on demand, & bundled time-slot
allocation
Designed to coexist with voice services
Supports
IPv4 & IPv6
TCP & UDP
High overhead 16
17. BG Border Gateway
BSC Basestation Controller
BTS Basestation Transceiver
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
HLR Home Location Register
PCU Packet Control Unit
PDN Packet Data Network (X25)
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
SM-SC Short Message Service Centre
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
VLR Visitor Location Register
GPRS Network Elements
17
HLR
VLR
BTS
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
GPRS MS + SIM
PCU
Other GPRS
PLMN
GGSN
SGSN
PDN
GGSN
SM-SC
BG
18. BSSGP Basestation System GPRS Protocol
GSM RF Radio Frequency
GTP Gateway Tunnelling Protocol
LLC Logical Link Control
MAC Medium Access Control
RLC Radio Link Control
SNDCP Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol
Protocol Layers in GPRS
18
Laptop
/ PDA
GPRS MS BSS SGSN GGSN
Application Protocol (http / ftp)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
GSM RF
IP
MAC
RLC
LLC
SNDCP
GSM
RF
MAC
RLC
L1 bis
Network
Service
BSSGP
L1 Bis
Network
Service
BSSGP
LLC
SNDCP
L1
L2
IP
UDP /
TCP
GTP
L1
L2
IP
UDP /
TCP
GTP
IP
TCP
IP
TCP
IP
TCP
19. Generations
19
• D-AMPS – Digital - Advanced
Mobile Phone System
• EDGE – Enhanced Data rates
for GSM Evolution
• HSCSD – High-Speed Circuit-
Switched Data
• PDC – Personal Digital Cellular
• TD-SCDMA –Time Division
Synchronous Code Division
Multiple Access
• UMTS – Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System
• WCDMA – Wideband CDMA
21. Evolved High-Speed Packet Access
(HSPA+)
Enhances widely used W-CDMA (UMTS) based 3G
networks
UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
168 Mbps uplink and 22 Mbps downlink peak speeds
With MIMO & 64QAM
Only when close to base station
50 ms latency
Enable migration to 4G speeds without changing radios
Affordable & incremental upgrade to existing HSPA networks
21
23. 3G vs. 4G
23
Source: http://www.theneweconomy.com/infographics/infographics-tesy
24. 4G
Provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access
Applications
Mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming, HD mobile TV, video
conferencing, 3D television, & Cloud Computing
Systems that support International Mobile
Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced) standard
2 commercial deployments
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) – since
2006
Long Term Evolution (LTE) – since 2009
These are not quite 4G, but IEEE 802.16m & LTE-Advanced are
Use wideband OFDM & MIMO
24
25. International Mobile Telecommunications-
Advanced (IMT-Advanced)
Entirely IP based packet switching
IPv6 based
Interoperability with existing wireless standards
Goals
100 Mbps for highly mobile systems – on cars, busses, trains
1 Gbps for low mobile systems – pedestrians & stationary
Dynamically share & use network resources to support
more simultaneous users per cell
Seamless connectivity & global roaming across multiple
networks with smooth handovers
High QoS for multimedia support
25
26. Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX)
IEEE 802.16 – Wireless MANs
Goal
Provide high-speed Internet access to home & business
subscribers, without wires
30 - 40 Mbps
High data rate or long distance but not both
More enegy efficient than LTE & HSPA+
26
28. Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Based on GSM/EDGE & UMTS/HSPA
Downlink
Peak 300 Mbps, OFDM
Uplink
Peak 75 Mbps, SC-FDMA
Low latency – 5 ms for small packets
MIMO
Support for cell sizes from 10s of meters radius (femto &
picocells) up to 100 km radius macrocells
28
30. LTE Architecture
E-UTRAN - evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access
Manage end nodes, handover,
& interference mitigation
EPC – Evolved Packet Core
Higher data rates, low-latency,
support for multiple radio
access
30
Source: www.wirelessweek.com/articles/2010/10/part-2-mobile-network-evolution-and-lte-architecture
31. LTE Advanced
Major enhancements to LTE
Comply with IMT-Advanced standard
First deployed in October 2012 in Russia
Increased spectrum flexibility
1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, & 20 MHz
wide cells
31
32. LTE Vs. LTE-Advanced
32
Source: http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/endata/magazine/ztetechnologies/2009year/no8/articles/201001/t20100119_179662.html
35. Mobile Security (Cont.)
3G
Much better than 2G
Encrypted communication between mobile station,
base station controller, & mobile switching centre
Mobile station to authenticate the network it is
attaching to – no impersonators
35
RNC - Radio Network Controller
36. Mobile Security (Cont.)
4G
LTE – should support entire IPSec architecture
Current deployments may not fully support IPSec
36
Editor's Notes
SIM – subscriber identity module
MS – Mobile station
BSC – controls handoff among neighbouring BTS
MSC – connection with PSTN & handoff among different BSCs
HLR – location & relevant BSC, SIM, Subscribed services
VLR – current location interms of servicing MSC & neighbouring switching centers
270/33.85 = 8
Mobilkommunikation
SS 1998
Mobilkommunikation
SS 1998
Mobilkommunikation
SS 1998
Mobilkommunikation
SS 1998
Mobilkommunikation
SS 1998
Use DNS, DHCP
UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations
WCDMA - a 3G technology that increases data transmission rates in GSM systems by using the CDMA air interface instead of TDMA.
Frequency-division duplexing (FDD) is a method for establishing a full-duplex communications link that uses 2 different radio frequencies for transmitter and receiver operation.
Spectrum - 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz
About 50 km range