The key focus and desired outcomes for Project Work are: 1. Communication  2. Students can express their ideas clearly and effectively, both verbally and in written form.  3. Collaboration  4. Students can work as a team to achieve common goals.  5. Knowledge application  6. Students are able to make links across different areas of knowledge and to generate, develop and evaluate ideas and information related to the project.  7. Independent learning  8. Students are able to learn on their own, reflect on their learning and improve upon it.

1. Project work, Field trips, Laboratory
work, Journal writing, concept
mapping, written and interview/oral test
Credits:
Anusha
Assistant professor of Ed

2. Project work
Project work is work which focuses on completing a
task. Project work normally involves a lot of
resources - time, people and materials - and learners
practise a range of skills and language systems. A
group of teenage learners work on a project to
develop a series of posters on how to protect the
environment.
Project Work provides a learning experience in which
students have the opportunity to synthesise knowledge
from various areas of learning, and apply it critically
and creatively to real-life situations. Working in
groups, students enhance their knowledge and gain
important skills to prepare them for future learning and
challenges.

3. Learning
outcomes
• The key focus and desired outcomes for Project Work are:
• Communication
• Students can express their ideas clearly and effectively, both
verbally and in written form.
• Collaboration
• Students can work as a team to achieve common goals.
• Knowledge application
• Students are able to make links across different areas of
knowledge and to generate, develop and evaluate ideas and
information related to the project.
• Independent learning
• Students are able to learn on their own, reflect on their learning
and improve upon it.

4. FEILD TRIPS
• A field trip or excursion is a journey taken by a group of people to a place away from
their usual environment.
• In education, field trips are defined as visits to an outside area of the normal classroom
and made by a teacher and students for purposes of firsthand observation.
• A field trip can be expressed in many terminologies. People call educational trips or
school tours in the UK and New Zealand, and school tours in the Philippines.
• Field trips are a popular method carried out for students to introduce to the concepts,
experiences, and ideas that cannot be given in a classroom environment.
• School tours can be considered as short-term learning activities providing students the
opportunity to observe their chosen subject outside of a classroom setting. Exploring
other cultures and customs, getting to the motherland of languages, uncovering pristine
nature and experiencing fascinating local life.

5. The Educational Value of Field Trips
• Schools gladly endured the expense and disruption of providing field trips because they
saw these experiences as central to their educational mission: schools exist not only to
provide economically useful skills in numeracy and literacy, but also to produce civilized
young men and women who would appreciate the arts and culture.
• Real World Learning
• As teachers, a field trip is one of the best tools that we can use to provide every student
with real-world experiences. Whether that's a trip to the local grocery store, waterfront
park, a library, a museum, a theater, a community garden or a restaurant, each
experience that a student participates in contributes to their understanding of the world.
• When students leave the classroom, they see the connections between what is
happening at school and in the ‘real-world’. They begin to see that what they learn within
the walls of the classroom can help them solve the problems they see in the world around
them and can have a direct impact on who they become as people.

6. • Access
• Students are able to access tools and environments that are not available
at school. Our communities are rich learning laboratories. Field trips make
it possible to take students to see an underwater ecosystem at an
aquarium, participate in citizen science in a river, use high powered
microscopes, see and touch historical artifacts in person and present on a
public stage among hundreds of other things. Each experience solidifies
learning and supports important academic concepts.
•
• Socio-emotional Growth
• Students who go on field trips become more empathetic and tolerant. A
study conducted by the University of Arkansas found that students that

7. • Academic Impact
• Field based learning increases test scores. A recent study by Emilyn Ruble Whitesell showed that middle school
students who participate in science field trips through the Urban Advantage program score better on the state
science test. Field trips and hands on learning make concepts more memorable. Just think back to what you
learned in school, the field trips you took, and what you learned on them are still some of the clearest concepts.
• Additionally, field trips are important because students are able to engage with content in a variety of ways.
Concepts are presented through all different media and different modalities, so students who struggle with
traditional learning can feel smart and confident. They are able to access the content better when they can learn
holistically. When they return to school, the trip that they took can serve as a touchpoint for an entire unit.
• Some of our students worlds are so small, but the community that each child lives in is an incredible resource for
broadening it. Within each student’s city or region, there are people and places that students can access that
cannot be replicated by the Internet or in the classroom. This multisensory learning experience can bring one
dimensional lessons to life and create enthusiasm for a subject that is hard to replicate through other media. As
teachers, it’s our duty to make that possible.

8. Laboratory work
• one of the forms of independent practical work for students in higher,
specialized secondary, and general schools.
• The aim of laboratory work is to deepen and fix theoretical
knowledge and to develop the skills of independent experimentation.
The work includes preparing the apparatus, equipment, and
reagents necessary for an experiment, diagraming and planning the
experiment, carrying out the experiment itself, and writing a
laboratory report. Laboratory work is widely used in teaching the
natural sciences and technical disciplines, with the appropriate ratio
of theoretical to laboratory work established for each particular field.
• Laboratory work is accorded 10–30 percent of the teaching time in

9. Importance of Laboratory work
• Enhancing mastery of subject matter. Laboratory experiences may enhance student
understanding of specific scientific facts and concepts and of the way in which these facts
and concepts are organized in the scientific disciplines.
• Developing scientific reasoning. Laboratory experiences may promote a student’s ability
to identify questions and concepts that guide scientific
• Understanding the complexity and ambiguity of empirical work. Interacting with the
unconstrained environment of the material world in laboratory experiences may help
students concretely understand the inherent complexity and ambiguity of natural
phenomena. Laboratory experiences may help students learn to address the challenges
inherent in directly observing and manipulating the material world, including
troubleshooting equipment used to make observations, understanding measurement
error, and interpreting and aggregating the resulting data.

10. • Developing practical skills. In laboratory experiences, students
may learn to use the tools and conventions of science. For
example, they may develop skills in using scientific equipment
correctly and safely, making observations, taking
measurements, and carrying out well-defined scientific
procedures.
• Understanding of the nature of science. Laboratory experiences
may help students to understand the values and assumptions
inherent in the development and interpretation of scientific
knowledge, such as the idea that science is a human endeavor

11. • Cultivating interest in science and interest in learning science.
As a result of laboratory experiences that make science “come
alive,” students may become interested in learning more about
science and see it as relevant to everyday life.
• Developing teamwork abilities. Laboratory experiences may
also promote a student’s ability to collaborate effectively with
others in carrying out complex tasks, to share the work of the
task, to assume different roles at different times, and to
contribute and respond to ideas.

12. What Is Journaling?
• It is simply the act of informal writing as a regular practice.
Journals take many forms and serve different purposes, some
creative some personal.
• Writers keep journals as a place to record thoughts, practice
their craft, and catalogue ideas as they occur to them. Journals
are often a place for unstructured free writing, but sometimes
people use writing prompts (also known as journaling prompts).
• Many non-writers keep journals to record the day-to-day events
in their own lives,

13. What Are the Benefits of
Journaling for Writers?
• journaling forces you to practice the act of writing. One of
the simplest benefits of a daily journal is that it forces you to
develop a consistent writing practice. Facing the blank page is
one of the hardest things facing a writer. By journaling regularly,
young writers can develop their writing skills and demystify the
process through practice.
• Journaling allows you to explore new ideas. Another benefit
of journal writing is having a place to formulate and record ideas
for other pieces of writing. It’s also a venue for problem-solving.
Many accomplished writers and even successful people in non-

14. • Journaling allows you to practice stream of consciousness
writing. One approach that many writers find useful is stream of
consciousness free writing. Some writers refer to their daily free
writing journal entry as morning pages, a term popularized in
the book The Artist’s Way. Stream of consciousness writing can
help you develop ideas that wouldn’t otherwise occur to you.
• Journaling provides a space to practice expressive writing
without pressure. One of the biggest journaling benefits is the
ability to start writing free from the pressure of a formal written
piece. Journals give you a place to jot down whatever half-

15. Concept Mapping
• Concept mapping is a great way to build upon previous
knowledge by connecting new information back to it. This post
explores the uses of concept mapping and provides tools for
creating concept maps on the computer.
• concept map is a visual organization and representation of
knowledge. It shows concepts and ideas and the relationships
among them. You create a concept map by writing key words
(sometimes enclosed in shapes such as circles, boxes,
triangles, etc.) and then drawing arrows between the ideas that
are related. Then you add a short explanation by the arrow to

16. • If a person knew how to ride bicycle, it would be easy for him to
learn hoo ride a bike. Because of the previous experience.
• When new knowledge is integrated with and connected to
existing knowledge, that new knowledge is easier to understand
and to remember. A professor’s job is to build scaffolding from
existing knowledge on which to hang incoming new knowledge.
Using a concept map is one way to build that scaffolding.

17. There are several benefits of using concept maps. A concept map:
• Helps visual learners grasp the material (however all learners benefit from the activity)
• Helps students see relationships between ideas, concepts, or authors
• Utilizes the full range of the left and right hemispheres of the brain
• Helps memory recall
• Helps to clarify and structure ideas
• Aids in developing higher-level thinking skills (create, analyze, evaluate)
• Helps students synthesize and integrate information, ideas and concepts
• Encourages students to think creatively about the subject
• Lets students do self-evaluation of beliefs, values, socialization, etc.
• Helps students evaluate assumptions.

19. Written test and oral test
• The oral examination (or viva voce), in which the candidate
gives spoken responses to questions from one or more
examiner, is perhaps the oldest form of assessment; it has
certainly been traditional practice in some areas of academic
life, such as the Ph.D. viva and clinical examination, for
decades if not centuries. But, despite this antiquity it is now rare
or absent in many undergraduate courses.
• The apparent rarity of the oral examination is surprising given
its many possible advantages. Five suggested key benefits are:
first, the development of oral communication skills. Second, oral

20. • Written examinations are designed to assess skills needed on
the job. Some tests assess basic skills such as reading,
problem solving, arithmetic, and following directions. Many tests
include questions to assess the specific knowledge needed to
perform particular job duties.
• Less stressful, less time consuming, can be done
simultaneously, not biased.