Many animal behaviours are formed and changed by learning. There are many different forms of learning. Here are some of the major forms (types) of animal learning.

1. Some Forms of Learning in Animals
Many animal behaviours are formed and changed by learning.
There are many different forms of learning. Here are some of the
major forms (types) of animal learning.
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1- Greasy
Greeding is the simplest form of learning. Animals ignore or
respond to repeated stimuli if the stimuli are not accompanied by
any danger.
For example, every time a black shadow falls from above, the
chicks rush to hide. If that stimulus (black shadow) is repeated
many times without any danger, then when it sees the black
shadow, the chick will not run away to hide anymore.
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2. Traces
Imprints are found in many animals, most prominently in birds. For
example, soon after hatching, young birds (including chickens,
ducks, goose...) have "clinging properties" and follow the first
moving objects they see (figure 32.1). Often the moving object they
see first is the mother bird. However, without parents, young birds
can "imprint" other birds of the same species, people, or other
moving objects. Imprinting is most effective at the stage where the
animal is born from a few hours up to two days, after which the
imprinting efficiency is low.
Thanks to "imprinting", the young bird moves with the parent bird,
so it is taken care of by the parents more.

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3. Conditioning
a. Response Conditioning (Paplol Conditioning)
Response conditioning is the formation of new connections in the
CNS under the influence of concomitant stimuli,
For example: I. Paplop experimented with ringing the bell while
feeding the dog. After several dozen times of coordinating the bell
and food, just hearing the bell will make the dog salivate. This is
because in the central nervous system, a new neural connection
has been formed under the influence of two simultaneous stimuli.
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b. Action conditioning (Skinno-type conditioning)
This is the pattern of associating an animal behaviour with a reward
(or punishment), then the animal actively repeats the behaviour.
Example: B. F Skinner released the mouse into the experimental
cage. In the cage there is a pedal attached to the food. When the
rat runs in the cage and accidentally steps on the pedal, the food
falls out. After a random number of times to step on the pedal and
get food (reward), every time the mouse feels hungry (no need to
see the pedal), the mouse actively runs to receive the pedal to get
the food.
4. Underground learning
Underground learning is a type of learning without consciousness,
not knowing that you have learned. Later, when there is a need, that

3. knowledge is reproduced to help animals deal with similar
situations.
For example, if you release the mouse in an area with a lot of paths,
it will run around to explore the path back and forth. If food was then
introduced, the rat would find its way to the place where the food
was found much faster than mice that hadn't explored the route in
that area.
For wildlife, awareness of their surroundings helps them find food
quickly and avoid predators.
5. Learn smart
Wise learning is learning that combines old experiences to find
ways to solve new situations. Intelligence is only found in animals
with highly developed nervous systems like humans and other
primates
For example, chimpanzees know how to stack wooden crates to get
bananas overhead. Other non-Primate vertebrates are incapable of
doing so.
Some Common Behavior Patterns In Animals
1- Learn to earn food
The feeding habits of animals are different.
The majority of feeding habits in undeveloped neurologically
organised animals are innate. In animals with a developed nervous
system, the majority of foraging behaviour is learned from parents,
from other people or from personal experience.

4. For example: A tiger, a leopard crawling on the ground approaches
its prey, then jumps to pounce or chase, bite the prey's neck.
2. Territorial defence behaviour
Animals have the habit of defending their territory against other
individuals of the same species to protect food sources, shelter and
reproduction.
The territorial defence behaviour of each species is very different.
Eg:
– Wolves often mark their territory with urine. If someone of the
same type enters its territory, it will respond by threatening or
attacking the invader.
- Male deer have glands located next to the eyes that secrete a
special odorous fluid. It smears the smelly juice on a tree branch to
notify other males that the territory is occupied.
The range of territorial protection of each species is different. For
example, the territorial range of the albatross is severalm2, of the
tiger is several k2to a few dozenkm2.
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3. Reproductive habits
Most reproductive behaviour is innate, instinctive.
For example: During the breeding season, male peacocks often
dance and show off their colourful plumage to seduce the female
birds, then they mate. Females lay eggs and hatch them into
peacocks.

5. 4. Migration habits
Some fish, birds, mammals, etc. change their habitats with the
seasons. They usually travel long distances. Migration can be
two-way (going and returning) or one-way (moving to a new place
of residence). Seasonal migrations are more common in birds than
in other animal classes.
When migrating, terrestrial animals are oriented by the position of
the sun, white, stars, terrain (coast and mountain ranges). Pigeons
navigate by the earth's magnetic field. Animals that live in the water
such as fish navigate based on the chemical composition of the
water and the direction of water flow.
5. Social behaviour
It is the habit of living in groups. Bees, ants, termites, some fishes,
birds, elephants, wolves, buffalo, deer, ... live in groups. Here are
some social habits.
a. Hierarchical Calculus
In every swarm there is a hierarchical division.
Eg:
– In each flock of chickens, there is always one dominant bird (the
leader), this one can peck at any chicken in the flock. The 2nd one
can peck all the remaining animals except the leader, then the 3rd...
– Herds of deer, monkeys, elephants always have a leader. Leaders
are ranked high for their aggression and winning battles with other
animals. In a herd, the leaders gain priority over food and
reproduction.

6. b. Altruistic behaviour
Altruistic behaviour is the habit of sacrificing self-interest, even life,
for the sake of the survival of the herd.
Eg:
– The worker works diligently all his life just to serve the
reproduction of the queen bee or when someone comes to destroy
the nest, it rolls into battle and sacrifices his life to protect the hive.
– Soldier ants are ready to fight and sacrifice themselves to protect
the queen and the nest.
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