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Annotated Bibliography on Bihar
Arup Ray*
General Outline on Bihar:
(1) Das, Aravind Narayan; 1979; „Does Bihar show the way? (Apathy, Agitation
and Alternatives in an Unchanging State)‟; Research India Publications, Calcutta.
The book contains three parts viz Apathy, Agitation and Alternatives. Apathy consists of
three chapters Bondage and Exploitation; Oppression and Violence; Calamities: Natural and
Un-Natural. Agitation consists of one chapter “The J.P. Movement”. Alternatives consist of two
chapters‟ viz. Examples and Analysis; In Bihar Itself.
(2) Nambisan, Vijay; 2000; „Bihar in the eye of the beholder‟; Viking Penguin
Books India (P) Ltd., New Delhi-110017.
The author produced a balanced portrait of the present day Bihar with facts and figure.
He has analyzed these facts and figure to attribute the scientific version on Bihar state without
any prejudice and opinion perceived by common mass. Looking beyond facts and figures to
analyze attitudes and opinions, the author has produced a remarkably perception and balanced
portrait of present-day Bihar, forcing us to reexamine our easy, often second hand views of the
state. „Bihar‟, he asserts, justifies the attitude carried by the common mass in general.
(3) Prasad, Ramchandra; 1983; „Bihar‟; National Book Trust, India.
This book deals with a comprehensive dimension of a state (Bihar) along with historical
events. The book has five chapters‟ viz. Bihar – the land and people; Bihar through the ages;
Administration Resources; Economy; Religion and Culture.
The first chapter is a brief outline on geographic aspects and people on Bihar as a whole.
The last chapter is discussed the entire religious spectrum of Bihar for example, Hindu,
Christian, Sikhism, Sufis, Buddhism,
Vaishnavism as well as „Tribal Religion‟ in brief. The specialty is of this discussion is that
the main religious pantheons are described along with the various sects.
(4) Singh, A. K.; 1992; „Bihar Bharat Ka Gaurab‟ (In Hindi); Gangour Prakashan,
Delhi-110001.
The book is an attempt to describe Bihar by three ways firstly on historic, secondly on
physical environment and lastly on economy. The uniqueness of this book is to describe the
main characteristic features of this state in brief outline.
*Address for Correspondence: Anthropological Survey of India, Eastern Regional
Centre, EN 7 – 9, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091. Email: rayarup62@gmail.com

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Agriculture:
(5) Jha, B.N; 1980; „Problems of Land Utilization- A Case Study of Kosi Region‟;
Classical Publications; New Delhi.
The book has been divided into three sections. The first section relates to the physical
background, which forms the stage for the various physical and human activities. The second
section is devoted to the study of land utilization in the Kosi region as a whole based on „anchal‟
statistics. An attempt has been made to examine the crop-association regions, land capability
classes and land use regions. The third section is an intensive study of sample villages based
on personal investigation that presents a first hand knowledge of the existing conditions of land
and people. This section also contains a study of various land use problems and possible
suggestions. The book contains following chapters viz. Introduction; Geology and Topography;
Drainage and Water table; Physiography of the Kosi; Climate, soils, land Capability Classes;
Land utilization, Crop-land use, Crop Association Regions; Population and Land use; Land use
Regions; Land use History of the Kosi Region; Land use Survey of Selected Villages; Land use
Problem & their Solutions; Conclusion.
(6) Sachhidananda; 1954; „Economic Cooperation in Tribal Bihar‟; Man In India;
Volume 34; Page-220.
The paper depicts how the tribal village in Bihar regulates economic co-operation. The
co-operation operates into there ways viz. family, local group and village levels.
(7) Sinha, Arbind. K.; 1985; „Agrarian Situation and Technological Intervention:
Some Reflections from Bihar‟ in “Agrarian Situation in India (Volume Two)”; Ed. By S. B.
Chakraborty, B. R. Ghosh, Ajik. K. Danda; Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta-16;
Page- 87-91.
The close examination of this article reveals that Ismailpur village (Vaishali district)
provides an understanding of the agrarian situation and its dynamics. Belchi village (Patna
district) provides another perspective of the changing agrarian situation. In both the villages,
„Maliks‟ (landlords) do not command the propriety right on the agricultural labours any more. It is
because they fail to honour the traditional economic and social obligations of the tenants.
Nevertheless, they still have the same expectations from the agricultural labours. It also shows
how the anguish of the poor people on such type of exploitations in the changed circumstances.
(8) Singh, Upendra Narayan; 1980; „Some Aspects of Rural Life in Bihar (An
Economic Study, 1793-1833)‟; Janaki Prakashan, Patna..
The study deals with economic aspects of rural life in Bihar between 1793 and 1833. The
book witnessed the facts concerning agriculture, transport, industry, trade and communication in

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the above-mentioned historical periods. The traditional means and systems are discussed in
detail in this book. The book contains following chapters viz. Introduction; Permanent settlement
and its Impact on Rural Life; Rural Life and Property; Transport and Communication;
Agriculture; Industries and Conclusion.
(9) Thakur Chandrika; 2000; „Bihar Ki Krishi Aur Samajik Babasthya (In Hindi)‟;
Bihar Rastrabhasa Parishad; Patna.
This book is depicting the elaborate history and detail text on agriculture in Bihar with
local perception on the different aspects of agricultural practice.
History of Bihar:
(10) Datta, Kalikinkar; 1967; „The life and thought of the people of Bihar‟;
Scientific Book Agency, 22, Raja woodmund street, Calcutta-700001.
This book is a brief review of the religious thought, culture, art and social life of the
people of Bihar, during the successive periods of history. The book contains three chapters. The
first chapter deals with ancient history, the second chapter deals with medieval period and third
chapter deals with Mughal period. The book is important because it has discussed the specific
aspects of each period of history with special reference to a particular area.
(11) Gopal Surendra; 1967; „Social Changes in Bihar in the Second Half of the
19th Century‟; Man In India; Volume 47; Page-81.
The article deals with the social changes of the Hindu Caste groups and Muslims in
second half of 19th
century in Bihar. The author‟s main observation is that during that period a
section was emerged due to opening of new schools and colleges by British patronage. Another
inspiration of change was the introduction of railway. The outcome of the emergence of this
class has not inspired for formation of Bihari capitalist class by entering either in industry or
commerce, rather reinforced the traditional system for example joint family system.
(12) Henningham, Stephen; 1982; „Peasant Movements in Colonial India, North
Bihar: 1917-1942‟; Anu (Australian National University), Monographs on South Asia
No.9.
The book is devoted to the peasant movements of north Bihar particularly in the districts
of Darbhanga, Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Monghyr,
Bhagalpur, Purnea during the British colonial period. The book consists of following chapters
viz. Introduction; Early Twentieth Century north Bihar; Antiplanter Protest, 1917-1923; Swami
Vidyananda‟s Movement 1919-1920; The Non-cooperation Movement, 1920-1923; The Civil
Disobedience Movement, 1930-1934; The Kisan Sabha Movement, 1936-1939; The Quit India

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Revolt, 1942 and Conclusion. The specialty of the book is that it deals the socio-economic
background on each movement. The rich categorization of many agrarian, caste, traditional
administrative set up are given in this book. In the conclusion author interpreted the movements
as agrarian reformism, nationalist agitation and the absence of Radicalism.
(13) Jha, Chetakar (Ed.); 1988; „Patna Through the ages (Glimpses of History,
Society and Economy); . Janaki Prakashan, Patna, New Delhi.
The book is an attempt to portrait the great „Magadhan‟ capital – „Pataliputra‟ (the
ancient, Patna) of the medieval period and „Azimabad‟ of the early modern times. The articles in
Section I present an account of „Pataliputra‟ as viewed by some early foreign visitors and as a
flourishing town in the „Kushan Empire‟. This section also deals with the case study in the
context of growth and decline of urbanization and town planning. The Section II presents a
general view of the town as a politico-administration, commercial and intellectual centre and
examines the fascinating background of the etymology of place names. In Section III the various
aspects of social, cultural, educational and economic history and its role during the phase of
freedom movement are discussed in length. The entire data are based on archaeological and
literary sources.
(14) Jha, Munishwar; 1967; „Māgadhi and its Formation‟; Sanskrit College,
Calcutta.
The book deals the historical perspective of the Māgadhi language. The author also gives
a detail account on the linguistic character of Māgadhi language. The contents of the book are
Indo-Aryan and Māgadhi; Phonology; Morphology: A declaration; Morphology: B Formative
Elements; Morphology: C Conjugation – Verbal system, Syntax; Conclusion.
(15) Jha, Satyanarayan; 2001; „Mithila Ki Prachin Devi Devtaein‟ (In Hindi); Vismrit
Mithila Prakashan, Darbhanga.
This book deals with the ancient gods and goddesses of the Mithila area. This is the
documentation of the ancient concepts of the Hindu deities. The description the idols of these
deities are elaborated in this book.
(16) Pandey, Mithila Sharan; 1963; „The Historical Geography & Topography of
Bihar‟; Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, Patna, Varanasi.
The Bihar is to be considered as Buddhist cultural centres with emphasis to two
pilgrimage centres „Nalnda‟ and „Vikramasila‟. The book deals with the influences of
geographical factors upon historical events. The book contains the following chapters‟ viz.
Introduction; Historical Outlines; Mountain Systems; River Systems; Regions & Districts; Place
Names and Communications.

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(17) Pathak, Prabhu Nath; 1983; „Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200-
600)‟; Commonwealth Publishers; New Delhi – 110002.
The present monograph is an attempt to reconstruct the socio-economic and religious
history of ancient Bihar. It throws light on the transitional socio-cultural life from the late „Kusana‟
to the „late Gupta period‟. Almost all relevant sources enriched the work and the conclusion,
which are based on available data. The book consists of seven chapters viz. Sources; Varna
Hierarchy; Agriculture, Trade and Industries, Cities and Towns, Religion; Conclusion.
Agriculture chapter deals with the knowledge of irrigation, seeds, fertilizer etc., this
chapter is methodical to incorporate the phase wise development of ancient agriculture with
comprehensive source of literatures from which the data are generated. Again, the chapter
„Trade and Industries‟ has described the ancient types and designs of pottery of ancient Bihar.
(18) Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (Ed.); 1974; „The comprehensive History of Bihar
volume I, Part II.‟; Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna.
The book is an edited volume deals with political history, religion and philosophy,
education, literature, science etc. of Gupta period (320.750 A.D.). There is one important
chapter in the book named (XXXVII) „Social and Economic Conditions (500-1200 A.D.)‟ by R.S.
Sharma. This chapter deals with „Varna‟ system prevailing at that time, social mobility and
integration, land system, villages, cattle rearing, material conditions of the peasants and crafts
and trade etc.
(19) Thakur, Upendra; 1988; „History of Mithila‟; Mithila Institute, Darbhanga.
This book is important in the context of detail historical records of the entire Mithla area. It
is a comprehensive documentation of the tradition of this region. The book covers the land,
society, agricultural practices, arts, crafts, religion and cultural traits in detail. Even, the
agriculture is described in several sub sections viz. process, crops, implements etc.
Folk Beliefs and Folklore:
(20) Archer,W.G.; 1942; „Seasonal Songs of Patna District‟; Man In India; Volume
22; Page-233.
The six poems called „Chaumasa‟ covering six months of the rainy season. The theme of
the cycle is sexual frustration, a theme that almost all-folk poetry connects with the rains. The
reasons for this association are two folds. In the first place, then in the general gloom of the
season, which turns, loneliness into an active fear which intensities the need of a wife for her
husband. The second one is the imagery of the season, which through its symbolism evokes
sexual longing.

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(21) Jha, Hetunan (Book Review); 1994; on “Edward, Henry, O, „Chant the Names
of God: Musical Culture in Bhojpuri speaking India‟, San Diego State University Press,
USA, 1988, Pages 318+18”; Man in India; Volume 74, No.1; March; Page- 91-93.
The Bhojpuri speaking community covers a wide area of the states of U.P. and Bihar (in
north India). The area has a very rich cultural tradition. An important facet of this tradition is folk
music. The book includes ten chapters besides relevant photographs and a note on
transliteration (in the beginnings) and the transliterated song texts and musical notation followed
by a comprehensive bibliography and index (in the end). Out of the ten chapters, four chapters
deal with women‟s songs, three chapters are devoted to men‟s songs and the rest chapters are
introduction, fieldwork: problems and prospects, and conclusion. Women‟s songs thus seem to
dominate the universe of folk music in Bhojpuri region.
(22) Jha, Makhan; 1979; „Folk–Lore, Magic and Legends of Mithila‟; Jyoti, Patna.
This book is based on the fieldwork in Mithila in 1967. The contents of the book are
widely covered the empirical data on folk songs, riddles, legends, spirits possession and
magical performance in detail. These empirical data is to be considered as well documentation
of Maithili folklore in general. The book is relevant and historical record of oral tradition that is
disappearing continuously. The book contains the following chapters: Introduction; Folk songs
as a dimension of Indian Civilization; Folksongs of MIthila; Spirit Possession and Magical
Performances in Mithila and Legends of Mithila.
(23) Mitra, Sarat Chandra; 1923; „Champaran Biharis belief about the call-note of
the Indian Cuckoo‟; Man In India; Volume 3; Page-246.
Indian Cuckoo (cuculus micropterus) the common Indian bird in the district of champaran
in north Bihar is called „Koel‟. The call note of this bird is translated into respective expression,
which they think in their mind for instance „Chal Chal Putra Chal‟.
(24) Mitra, Sarat Chandra; 1923; „Champaran Biharis belief about Cobra and
Dhaman‟; Man In India; Volume 3; Page-251.
The folk belief is that if cobra (nain tripudians) is so powerful and virulent that, if snake
would bite a bamboo it would split open of itself. The second belief is that if Dhamin or rat snake
(Ptyas mucosus, linn), which sizes hold of a person‟s leg with its teeth and lashes the latter by
means of its tail, and that the latter, being thus lashed, dies. The common belief is that Dhaman
has the habit of sucking cows.

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(25) Mitra, Sarat Chandra; 1923; „Champaran Biharis belief about a snake‟; Man
In India; Volume 3; Page-250.
Ghonr Karait is a small snake with a thickness of a finger is believed to be very
venomous, if a person is bitten by it, he will either die or become deaf.
(26) Mitra, Sarat Chandra; 1923; „Champaran Biharis belief about the weaverbird;
Man In India; Volume 3; Page-248.
The Indian weaverbird (ploceus baya) is commonly known as “Choucha”. If died lump of
clay is stick to the nest of the bird they believe that on dark nights, the weaverbird brings a small
lump of clay and sticks it to the inside of its bottle shaped nest. Thereafter, it brings two or three
fire flicks and affixes them to the said lamp of clay, for lighting up the interior of its nest.
(27) Mitra, Sarat Chandra; 1923; „Water-Spirits in north Bihar‟; Man In India;
Volume 3; Page-196.
The people of north Bihar believe that the water tanks or ponds in some places are
inhabited by a „Dubba‟ of „Drowning Spirit‟ which catches hold of men, who un cautiously
descend into waters, drag them inside its depths, kill them, and then bury their bodies at the
bottom of the tank.
(28) Prideaux, E. T.; 1945; „River Songs of Bhagalpur‟; Man In India; Volume 25;
Page-17.
There are eighteen river songs related to the rivers of Kamala and Koshi. The songs
depicted in the translating form with the expansion of mind of the local people related to the
daily life.
(29) Sinha, A.K.; 1994; „Sweetmeats of Bihar and West Bengal in India: A study in
Diffusion‟; Man in India; Volume 74, No.4, December; Page- 383-402.
Sweetmeats not only constitute very important part in the Indian traditional dishes but
also these are considered as the essential items in socio-religious performances. An attempt
has been made in this study to highlight the traditional perspectives of various sweetmeats that
have been developed at the different places in Bihar and West Bengal. The development
patterns of various items of sweetmeats and their diffusion for one place to another have been
analyzed through the categorical examination of a large number of traits.
Society and Caste:
(30) Banerjee, Shilendra Nath; 1973; „Effect of Changes in Age Patterns of
Marriage on Fertility Rates in Bihar: 1961-1968‟; Man In India; Volume 53; Page-262.

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Age at marriage is an important intermediate variable affecting fertility; an appropriate
rise in marriage age may reduce the fertility. The extent of reduction has been computed for the
females of Bihar. The study considers a period from 1961 to 1968, during this time; the age at
marriage of females has been assumed to rise from 15 to 19 years. The rise in female age at
marriage brings about a change in married proportions, which are significantly decreased in the
lower age groups. As a result of this changed marriage pattern the fertility of Bihar is found to go
down significantly below the present level and the reductions are calculated to be 11.14%
T.F.R., 10.74% in G.F.R. and 11.17% in G.R.R.
(31) Chaube, Ganesh; 1955; „Champaran Ke Dangad‟ (In Hindi); Vanyajati; Vol-III;
No.3, July; Page-107-109.
The author has discussed on „Dhangar‟ community of Champaran district of Bihar
emphasizing origin, migration, dress, population, language and dance.
(32) Choudhury, A.K. & M. Haque; 1993; „Nutritional status of the Pasi and
Bramhakalpit Brahman of Gaya town‟; Man in India; Volume 73, No.3, September;
Page- 307-313.
All anthropometric measurements and indices show higher values for the Bramhakalpit
Brahman excepts mean pignut‟s index and body fat % of body weight. Major sign of nutritional
deficiencies were not observed in both the populations.
(33) Dayal, P.; 1953; „Bihar in Maps with Explanatory Test‟; Kusum Prakashan,
Patna.
This is an attempt to analyze the geographical distribution of the resources of Bihar. The
book deals with the rainfall, soil, forest, irrigation (Pyne, Tank, Wall), density & distribution of
population, land , agriculture, minerals, industrial zones, railways, road, community projects and
lac growing areas etc.
(34) Jain, Sumitra Kumar; 1989; „Caste and Politics in Bihar‟; Commonwealth
Publishers, New Delhi.
The author in this work focused attention on the interaction between caste and politics in
Bihar. Through a socio-historical exploration of the politics of the state, he tries to show the
interaction between caste and politics in Bihar, which is a longstanding one. However, the
precise nature of this interaction has been changing from time to time according to the changes
in public policies, the social transformation bring about by the process of economic development
and shifts in the power structure. One of the major developments in this context has been the
emergence of the backward castes. The author portrays this change in considerable detail. The
book consists of seven chapters including introduction and conclusion: The other chapters are

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as follows Caste in Pre-Independence Bihar Politics; Caste and Factionalism – A Pre-Coalition
Period (1947-67); Caste and Coalition Governments in Bihar – The Phase of Non-Congressism;
The Mixed Coalition Government – The Congress led Coalition Government; Caste in Post
Coalition Period.
(35) Jha, Hatnman; 1991; „Social Structures of Indian villages – A study of Rural
Bihar‟ Sagar Publications, New Delhi / Newbury Park / London.
Prof. Jha started by classifying the villages of rural Bihar into eleven categories on a
simple–complex continuation of analyzing the records of more than 5000 villages to provide the
empirical ground for the concept of rural–urban continuum. The author concentrates on the
model styles of relationships constituting the „primary level structures‟ of villages. Such
institutions as family, sharecropping, money lending, upper class and lower class relationships,
and Jajmani relationships constitute these structures. The expectations of the roles of each of
these groups have been explored and analyzed. Regional variations as well as variations in the
nature of villages are significantly reflected in the styles of relationships studied. The book
consists of nine chapters viz. Introduction and Perspective; Method of Study; Relationships in
the Family; Barana and Chhotana / Nanh Relationships; Mahajani Relationship; Bataidari
Relationships; Janouri Relationships; Jajmani Relationships; Conclusion.
(36) Jha, Ugra Nath; 1980; The Genealogies and Genealogists of Mithila (A study
of the Panji and Panjikars); Kishor Vidya Niketan, Varanasi.
The Panji is an essential attribute of the traditional Maithil Social System. It is a book of
genealogy, which encompasses all the Maithil Brahman families. The task of maintaining and
updating the „Panji‟ is given to certain professionals called „Panjikars‟. Before a marriage can be
solemnized, the two parties have to procure a certificate from a „Panjikar‟ testifying to the fact
that they are not related by blood or that they do not fall within the category of „Swajan‟.
Maharaja Harsimha Deva introduced the „Panji‟ system in Mithila. Since then it has been
continuing in the same form. However, during the last generation, because of various forces of
modernization, the system is falling into disuse. Dr. Ugranath Jha, in course of his study, not
only traces the history of the origin of the institution but also elaborates its operation in detail. He
has also examined why the system is on the verge of disappearance. The contents of the book
are as follows: (i) The Land and the People of Mithila; (ii) The Marriage and the Maithil
Brahmans; (iii) The Origin of Panji System; (iv) Gotra, Prarara and Moola of Maithil Brahmans;
(v) The Social Function of Panji; (vi) Panji and Social Structure; (vii) Panji and Panjikars in
changing Maithili Society; Appendices and Maps.
(37) Mishra, Jai Shankar; 1984; „Maithil Brahman Abang Unki Pangi Babasthya‟ (In
Hindi); Vanyajati; Vol. XXXII, July, No.3; Page-14-17.

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The paper deals with „Panji‟ system of the Maithil Brahman, particularly giving the stress
on clan system, origin of the system, marriage rule etc.
(38) Sahay, K. N.; 1967; „Caste and Occupation in a village in Bihar‟; Man In India;
Volume 47; Page-178.
The paper deals with the position of the caste and mobility of occupation in a village of
southern Bihar. Same castes (Brahman, Rajput, Lohar, Kumbhar, Dhobi and Chamar) are
taking new occupations. Secondly, this change of occupation led to temporary or permanent
migration outside the village in several cases. Thirdly, the tendency of Sanskritization may be
marked in case of Hindu lower caste groups like Dusadh and Turi. Fourthly, Muslim groups,
Santal (tribal group) maintaining a social distance from the village by their location at periphery.
(39) Saraswati, Baidyanath; 1962; „The Institution of Panji among Maithil
Brahmans‟; Man In India; Volume 42; Page-263.
The knowledge of pedigree is important for every Hindu for the regulation of marriage.
Hence, we find the system of keeping genealogies widely prevalent over the India. „Bhats‟ are
professional genealogists. In eastern India, „Panjikars‟, „Kulkarikas‟ and „Ghataks‟ are the
genealogists. In southern India, the system of keeping genealogical records does not seem to
be well organized. Brahmans fall under two broad divisions‟ viz. „Pancha Gauriya‟ and „Pancha
Dravira‟. The borderline is Narmada river. The five northern groups („Pancha Gauriya‟) are
„Saraswata‟, „Kanyakubja‟, „Gaura‟, „Maithil‟ and „Utkal‟. The five southern groups („Pancha
Dravira‟) are „Tailanga‟, „Dravira‟, „Karnata‟, „Maharashtra‟ and „Gurjara‟. Maithil Brahmans take
their name from Mithila of north Bihar. The institution of Maithil Panji is now over 600 years old,
the role of genealogists are apparently very important in days when „Kulinism‟ was in vogue all
over Mithila. It is said that in those days many people belonging to lower groups bribed
genealogists for including their names in higher groups. Therefore, authenticity of the „Panji‟
records appears to be doubtful. However, Maithili Brahmans still regard this institution with
respect and affection.
(40) Shah, Ghanshyam; 1977; „Protest movements in two Indian states – A study
of Gujarat and Bihar movements‟; Ajanta Publications (India), Delhi.
The Bihar movement began in March 1974 with the slogan “Bihar Bhi Gujarat Banega”
(Gujarat will be repeated in Bihar). It spilled over into 1975. The movement under the leadership
of Jayaprakash Narayan did not aim at merely bringing about a few changes here and there; it
aimed at a “Total Revolution” in the country. Any revolutionary movement, more so such “Total
Revolution”, presupposes an ideology which presents a profile, general or specific, of the future
social order, programmes and strategic which concretize that ideology, personnel – leaders and
castes – who carry out the programme, and an organization linking the revolutionaries at

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various levels through communication and action. The present study examines the Bihar
movement with reference to these prerequisites. The book contents the following chapters viz.
Introduction; Discontents; Tensions and Politics; The Agitation: unorganized masses and
organized groups; (Gujarat) – Introduction; Society and Politics in Bihar; Antecedents of the
movement; the movement; Sarvodaya and Bihar movement; Revolution, Reform or protest
postscript (Bihar).
(41) Singh, A. K., R. K. Sinha & N. K. Jaiswal; 1973; „A Study on Cultural Dynamics
of Rarhi Communities of Champanagar (Bhagalpur) in Bihar‟; Man In India; Volume 53;
Page-192.
The present investigation was undertaken to analyze the socio-cultural aspects of „Rarhi‟
community of Champanagar (Bhagalpur) in Bihar. The community consists of two castes viz.
„Rarhi‟ Brahman and „Rarhi‟ Kayastha came from the „Rarh‟ area of Birbhum (West Bengal)
about 150 years back. It was found that the cultural aspect of „Rarhi‟ community is quite
dynamic in the sense that they have undergone many changes during their stay in Bihar. They
have been absorbed in the local culture to a great extent, but they are still identified as some
what different then the Bengali population by other native population of this area. Their
occupational mobility has increased considerably during the last there generations.
(42) Singh, Parasnath; 1986; „Darbhanga‟ (In Hindi); Mithila Pusthak Bhaban;
Darbhanga.
This is a detail account on the castes of the north Bihar particularly emphasizing Mithila
situation. This book has described the description of the sub castes or the major divisions of the
dominant castes in this area.
(43) Singh, P.B. & Ram Babu Singh; 1981; „Changing Frontiers of Indian Village
Ecology: Case of a Bihar village, Majhanpura‟; The National Geographical Society of
India, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005.
This is a village study concerned with a village in Saran district of Bihar. This book is a
village monograph where a holistic frame is applied to provide an overall view of an Indian
village for social, economic and developmental strategies. The uniqueness of this book is
attributing a relationship between geographical space and socio-economic aspects. The book
consists of following chapters viz. The Personality of Indian Village; Geographical Setting;
Historical Background; Land Use Pattern; Socio-Economic Structure; Morphological Structure;
Public Utilities & Services; Socio-Economic Interaction; Polluted Social Scene; Inside Story;
Politics vs. Disputes; Development Plan: An Idealistic View; Summary, Conclusion & Cited
References.

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(44) Sinha, Nawal Kishore; 1978; „Panji Systems: A Unique Social Institution of
Maithil Brahmans‟; Bulletin; Volume- XXVII; No. 1 & 2 (January-June).
This system regulates the marital behaviour and relationship between sections of Maithil
Brahman. Maithil Brahman is again divided into three sub castes viz. (i) Shrotriya (perform
rituals like Agni-Hotra, Sandhy – Bandan), (ii) Yogas and (iii) Jaibaras. Those three categories
are hierarchical. later two sections are emerged as (i) a section from relationship with Jaibaras,
Yogas and Shrotriya. (ii) Jaibaras girls marry with Yogas. Secondly, clans are divided into two-
sub heads viz. Chandog (Samved) and Vajashneya (Yajurved). Two functional classes maintain
„Panji‟ institution namely „Panjikars‟ (registrars) and „Ghatakas‟ (responsible mediator in
negotiation).
Tribes in Bihar:
(45) Benjamin, Joseph; 1991; „Social Mobility among the Scheduled Castes in
Bihar: A Case Study of Barh Block‟; Man in India; Volume 71; No.2&3, June &
September; Page-425-438.
The paper looks into the trend of social mobility among the scheduled caste communities
in the rural setting of Barh Block under the jurisdiction of Patna District, Bihar. Four major
Scheduled Castes like Chamar, Dusadh, Musahar and Pasi have been brought under the study
and altogether 18 different villages have been covered under this study. The gradual processes
of educational and occupational mobility of the people with conspicuous backwardness and
untouchability have been analyzed on inter generation levels.
(46) Mandal, B.B. & Manik R.Sahoo; 1992; „Status of Tribal women in Bihar‟; Man
in India; Volume 72, No.3, September, Page- 281-292.
There are conspicuous in equalities between the sexes in all spheres of life. The authors
pinpointed through various discussion that the status of women in tribal Bihar which are based
on tradition. New emergence forces of change have also been brought to light for overall
evaluation.
(47) Prasad, Satyanarain; 1971; „Modern Education among Tribals of Bihar in the
Second Half of the 19th Century‟; Man In India; Volume 51; Page-364.
The article reviews the propagation of modern education among the tribal groups of Bihar
State in the second half of 19th
century. The landlords of Chotonagpur started to promote
education. Later missionaries and government tried to a great extent, but according to his article
the effort is not enough to yeild a good result in compare to the extent of tribal population.

13. 13
(48) Sachhidananda; 1955; „Class and Caste in Tribal Bihar‟; Man In India;
Volume 34; Page-220.
This article deals with the caste and class structure appear in tribal Bihar. The author has
compared the features of caste appears in Hindu society with the tribal set up. Again, he
discussed the social stratification among the Mundas as „Zamindars‟ or landlords and the
tenants. He has given various examples of different tribes of Bihar to establish his arguments.
(49) Sachhidananda; 1959; „Political consciousness in Tribal Bihar‟; Man In India;
Volume 39; Page-301.
This paper deals with the political consciousness prevails in tribal Bihar particularly in
Chotonagpur area. The author argued that the tribal people are concerned with the local political
party and local issues rather national or state interest or individual merit.
(50) Sachhidananda; 1956; „Bihar Ke Adim Samaj Me Barg Auur Jatia‟ (In Hindi);
Vanyajati; Vol-IV; No.2, April; Page-56-61.
This article deals with the interaction of Hindu caste societies and the tribal in Bihar. The
author depicts the historical phases and the relevant changes with example and analysis.
(51) Srivastava, Ratish; 1979; „Future of Tribes in Bihar: An Anthropological
Perspective‟; Man In India; Volume 59; Page-26.
The article reveals the condition of tribes in Chotonagpur in Jharkhand region. The author
tried to evaluate tribes of Bihar in post independent India from various aspects such as
economy, stratification, development etc.
(52) Srivastava, S. K.; 1949; „The Dewali among the Tharus‟; Man In India;
Volume 29; Page-29.
The connotation of „Dewali‟ among the Tharus is different from the festival of „Holi‟
resemble for gaiety and happiness. On the „Diwali‟ day they observe a ceremony called „Barshi‟
which is the ceremony of the dead. They call home the spirit of the dead person who was a
blood relation a member of the family. They believe that the spirit of the departed will visit the
house on the „Barshi‟ or „Diwali‟ day.
(53) Tarafder, C. R.; 1987; „Less known Thirty medicinal plants are used by the
tribals for remedy pain in Ranchi and Hazaribagh district of Bihar in India‟; Vanyajati;
Vol – XXXV, July, No.3; Page-6-12.
The paper deals with 30 plants belonging to 27 genera and 21 families, which are less
known or unknown as remedy for pain.

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(54) Vidyarthi, L.P.; 1955; „Education in Tribal Bihar‟; Man In India; Volume 35;
Page-39.
The author discussed the various aspects on education in tribal Bihar particularly in the
districts of Chotonagpur area and analyzed the various aspects in this regard.
(55) Vidyarthi, Lalit Prasad; 1956; „Bihar Ke Adibasio Ki Arthik Babasthya‟ (In
Hindi); Vanyajati; Vol-IV; No.2, April; Page-62-65.
The article is concentrated on the economic aspects of the tribal Bihar with illustration
and examples.
Population in Bihar:
(56) Bose, S. R.; 1969; „Bihar Population Problems‟; Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay,
Calcutta –12.
The book deals with some of the population problems of Bihar. The book divided into
three sections. The first section attempts growth of the population based on census data. The
second section is concentrated on the population movements and migration. The third section
focused on marriage rate with age and sex specific. The entire interpretation is based on the
census figure of 1961.
(57) „Census of India‟; 1961; Volume IV; Bihar; Part-IV-A; „Report on Housing
and Establishments.
However, the report is based on housing and establishments particularly district wise, but
the appendix in few pages with photographs and sketches briefly illustrated the patterns of the
house types in the villages by highlighting the typical characteristics on district wise.
(58) „Census of India‟; 1961; Volume IV; Bihar; Part-VII-B; „Report on Fairs and
Festivals.
This is a comprehensive document on fairs and festivals of Bihar. The districts are
classified on the basis of „Anchal‟. Again, a detail account based on fairs particularly village wise
are illustrated with statistical records.
(59) „District Gazetteer Statistics‟; 1905, 1913, 1914, 1915; the districts of Patna
(1901-1902); Muzaffarpur (1900-1901 to 1910-1911); Champaran (1910-1911);
Darbhanga (1900-1901 to 1910-1911); Bihar and Orissa Government Secretariat Book
Depot, Patna.
These district Gazetteers deal with the statistical records of rainfall, religion, caste, tribe
or race, revenue, tax, vital statistics etc. of that period.

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(60) „District Gazetteer Statistics‟; 1905,1915; the districts of Purnea (1901-
1902); Saran (1901-1902); Shahabad (1901-1902); Bhagalpur (1910-1911); Bihar and
Orissa Government Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta.
These district Gazetteers deal with the statistical records of rainfall, religion, caste, tribe
or race, revenue, tax, vital statistics etc. of that period.
(61) Singh, J.P.; 2000; „The State of Population Management in Bihar: Problems
and Prospects‟; Man in India; Volume 80; No. 1 & 2; January – June; Page-141-156.
The paper aims at explaining the reasons for the rapid rise in population with a view to
finding possible solutions to the problem. This study suggests as Bihar is characterized by low
level of development and high fertility. Herein, it has been argued that the improvement in
female education alone can help further promote in increase in the age at marriage, reduction is
infant and child mortality and adoption of family planning measures and the value of smaller
family size. Muslims, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes together constitute nearly 37 per
cent of the total population of the state.