This presentation explains the theory of Behaviorism in very simple words and not only the students but teachers can also benefit from this.

1. BEHAVIOURISM
Submitted to : Ma’am Tanzela

2. Group Members:
■ Asif Raza
■ Saira Jamshaid
■ Asima
■ Bashir

3. Behaviourism:
■ Behaviourism is the earliest language learning theory which is propounded by J.B. Watson
(1878-1957) in 1913. ... Humans learn a language through repeating the same form and text until
it becomes a habit. Children imitate the sounds and patterns which they hear around.
■ Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea
that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction
with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our
actions.

4. FATHER OF BEHAVIORISM:
■ The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology
founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that
behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed.
Behaviorism was established with the publication
of Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the
Behaviorist Views John B. Watson.

5. History of Behaviorism:
■ History of Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov • Developed the classical conditioning
theory. In this theory, a certain stimulus leads to a particular response.
Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949) • Emphasized the role of experience in the
strengthening and weakening of stimulus response connections
■ History of Behaviorism John Watson (1878-1958) •"The more frequent a
stimulus and response to occur in association with each other, the stronger
that habit will become.“
■ History of Behaviorism B. F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) •"A response followed by
a reinforcing stimulus is strengthened and therefore more likely to occur
again. “ •"A response that is not followed by a reinforcing stimulus is
weakened and therefore less likely to occur again. "

6. • Theory of behaviorism:
■ Behaviorism or the behavioral learning theory is a popular concept that focuses on how
students learn. ... This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment,
and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior. A common example
of behaviorism is positive reinforcement.
■ The behaviorist theory believes that “infants learn oral language from other human role
models through a process involving imitation, rewards, and practice. ... When a child
attempts oral language or imitates the sounds or speech patterns they are usually praised and
given affection for their efforts.

7. Examples of Behaviourism :
■ Behaviorists believe human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment. ... An
example of behaviorism is when teachers reward their class or certain students with a party
or special treat at the end of the week for good behavior throughout the week. The same
concept is used with punishments.

8. Characteristic:
■ 1) Teacher controls both of the children’s behavior and the learning process.
■ 2) The teacher has clear lesson plan and step-by- step syllabus.
■ 3) English pattern are repeated through drills and choral repetition until they
become automatic.
■ 4) It is considered essential for the children to succeed as much as possible.
■ 5) Success is reinforced by praise and reward.

9. Advantages and Disadvantages:
■ Advantages:
■ • Shapes behavior quickly
■ • The learner adapts to the environment
■ • Behavior can be measured
■ Disadvantages:
■ • Internalized reasoning may not be an outcome
■ • The learner adapts to a poor environment
■ • Behavior measured may not be a true picture of understanding

10. Types of behaviorism:
■ There are three types of behaviorism:
■ Methodological= behavior should be studied without connection to mental states (just behavior)
■ Psychological= Human and animal behavior is explained based on external, physical stimuli. ...
■ Analytical/Logical=Certain behaviors will arise from particular mental states and beliefs.

11. Behaviorists believes :
■ Behaviorists believe that language behaviors are learned by imitation,
reinforcement, and copying adult language behaviors. They consider language
to be determined not by experimentation or self-discovery, but by selective
reinforcements from speech and language models, usually parents or other
family members. Behaviorists focus on external forces that shape a child's
language and see the child as a reactor to these forces.

12. principle of behaviorist theory:
■ The major principle of behaviorist theory is the analysis of human behavior in
observable stimulus-response interaction as the association between them.
■ Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior, to the near
exclusion of innate or inherited factors. This amounts essentially to a focus on learning. We learn
new behavior through classical or operant conditioning (collectively known as 'learning theory’).
■ Behaviorism described as developmental theory that measures observable
behaviors produced by a learner’s response to stimuli. From those definitions of
behaviorism from two experts , I can infer that behaviorism is a theory that
measures observable behavior that are produced by the learner to respond to the
stimuli.

13. Main goal of behaviorism
■ Behaviorism is an area of psychological study that focuses on observing and analyzing how
controlled environmental changes affect behavior. The goal of behavioristic teaching methods is
to manipulate the environment of a subject — a human or an animal — in an effort to change
the subject's observable behavior.
■ The task of psychological behaviorism is to specify types of association, understand how
environmental events control behavior, discover and elucidate causal regularities or laws or
functional relations which govern the formation of associations, and predict how behavior will
change as the environment changes.

14. THERE ARE TWO MAJOR TYPES
OF CONDITIONING:
■ Classical conditioning
■ Operant conditioning

15. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
■ Early work in the field of behavior was conducted by the Russian physiologist
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936). Ivan Pavlov was the first to introduce the concept of
conditioning through his experiments with animals. His conclusions directly
influenced Watson and provided him with the original scientific basis for his
beliefs.
■ In these experiments, Pavlov worked with dogs that, like most, salivated
naturally in the presence of food. Because this response is innate, the animals
were displaying an unconditioned response (salivation) to an unconditioned
stimulus (food). Pavlov then, for the sake of experimentation, began to produce
a bell sound at the time of each feeding. Eventually, the dogs started to drool
after hearing it and in anticipation of food, even when none was present.

16. ■ At the end of his experiments, Pavlov was able to condition, or teach, these
dogs to salivate in unnatural situations (after hearing a sound) to stimuli which
would normally not elicit that response (sound). In essence, Pavlov had
transformed salivation into a conditioned behavior, and the bell sound had
become a conditioned stimulus.
■ Pavlov further discovered that conditioned behaviors of this type would
disappear if they failed to deliver the expected outcome; for example, if the bell
was sounded repeatedly and no food was presented, dogs would eventually
stop associating the two and their drooling response to the sound would vanish.

17. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

18. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
■ Before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (food) produces an
unconditioned response (salivation), and a neutral stimulus (bell) does not
produce a response. During conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (food) is
presented repeatedly just after the presentation of the neutral stimulus (bell).
After conditioning, the neutral stimulus alone produces a conditioned response
(salivation), thus becoming a conditioned stimulus.

19. Skinner and Operant Conditioning
■ B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) was an American psychologist. Like Watson, Skinner
was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its
consequences. Therefore, Skinner spoke of reinforcement and punishment as
major factors in driving behavior. As a part of his research, Skinner developed a
chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior
through reinforcement and punishment. This device, known as an operant
conditioning chamber (or more familiarly, a Skinner box), has remained a crucial
resource for researchers studying behavior (Thorne & Henley, 2005).

20. ■ In operant conditioning, behaviors are manipulated when they are followed by either
positive or negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement increases desired
behaviors by following them with rewards. For example, if rat food is dispensed every
time a rat pushes a pedal, it will repeatedly push that same pedal to get more edible
treats. The action of pushing the pedal, the desired behavior, has been reinforced
with food
■ Skinner also showed that behaviors could be altered through punishment or
extinction. Punishing behaviors after they occur, discourages them from being later
repeated. For example, if a rat was jolted with electricity when it pressed a pedal, it
would begin to avoid touching it, avoiding performing the undesirable behavior.
■ Extinction is when behaviors that were previously reinforced are later unenforced,
rendering the behaviors inconsequential and causing them to decrease in frequency
over time. If the rat that had been trained to push a pedal for food ceased receiving
food for pressing it, eventually it would press it less and less often. In time, after it has
become thoroughly discouraged by the lack of dispensed rat treats, it may stop
pressing it altogether.

21. Skinner and Operant Conditioning

22. Skinner and Operant Conditioning
■ The Skinner box is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external
environment and has a behaviour indicator such as a lever or a button. When
the animal pushes the button or lever, the box can deliver a positive
reinforcement of the behaviour (such as food) or a punishment (such as noise)
or a token conditioner (such as a light) that is correlated with either the positive
reinforcement or punishment.

23. ■ BEHAVIORISM CAN PERHAPS BE BEST SUMMED UP BY THE
FOLLOWING QUOTE FROM THE FAMOUS PSYCHOLOGIST
JOHN B. WATSON:
■ "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own
specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any
one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I
might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even
beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants,
tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." --John
Watson, Behaviorism, 1930.