This document contains about some of the under utilized and under exploited leguminaceous crops and this may be useful for atleast few of the students like me THE FOLLOWING are embided i n this presentation Winged bean Lima bean Jack bean Cluster bean Pigeon pea Dolichos bean African yam bean Yam bean

1. Course No. : VSC 509
Course name : Production of underutilized vegetable crops
Presentation on : under utilized leguminous crops

2. UNDER UTILIZED VEGETABLES :
• The vegetable crops which are neither grown commercially on
large scale nor traded widely are termed as under utilized
vegetable crops
• The following are the under utilized legume crops
• Winged bean
• Lima bean
• Jack bean
• Cluster bean
• Pigeon pea
• Dolichos bean
• African yam bean
• Yam bean

3. WINGED BEAN
• Scentific name :Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
• Common name :cigarillas, goa bean, four-angled bean,
four-cornered bean, manila bean, princess bean
• Family : fabaceae
• Chromosome no. : 2n=18
• Origin : madagascar

4. TAXONOMY
• Kingdom Plantae
• Subkingdom Viridiplantae
• Infrakingdom Streptophyta
• Superdivision Embryophyta
• Division Tracheophyta
• Subdivision Spermatophytina
• Class Magnoliopsida
• Superorder Rosanae
• Order Fabales
• Family Fabaceae
• Genus Psophocarpus Neck. ex DC.
• Species Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. –
winged bean

5. IMPORTANCE AND USES
• Mature seeds contain 29 -37% proteins and 15-18%oil .
• It has fairly good amounts of phosphorus , ironand vitamin B
complex
• The flowers can be used in salads , tubers can be eaten raw or
cooked
• It helps in improving the immune system, eye health, energy
levels
• Protects from anaemia, healthy teeth and nails

6. BOTANY
• It is a annual/perennial wine
• Height of the vine varies from 3-4 mt
• Pod has frilly borders with 6-9 inches length
• Beans are round in shape
• Flower Is light blue colour and hermaphrodite

8. CULTIVATION
• Winged bean require an avg temp of 25°c with an annual
rainfall of 1500mm
• It grows in sandy to clayey soil but well drained sandy
loan soil is preferred
• The land is ploughed at a depth of 3-4 cm and a very fine
tilth is maintained

9. PROPOGATION
• Winged bean is mainly propagated through seeds
• seed rate is 15-20 kg/ha.
• The seeds are sown at a depth around 3 – 4 cm,
which germinate within 5-7 day
• Spacing :
• The optimum spacing is 90 cm × 90 cm for
commercial crop and 45 cm × 45 cm for seed
crop.
• A spacing of 30 cm × 20 cm can be followed in
case of dwarf type

10. SOWING
• the winged beans are sown with the onset of monsoon in June-
July.
• The crop grown for tubers should be sown in August-
September, since early sowing results in profuse vegetative
growth and may inhibit tubulisation
• Flowering :
• Flowering is observed from midSeptember to October under
short day conditions.
• Temperature above 32°C or below 18°C inhibits flowering.

11. INTER CULTURAL OPERATIONS
• Hand weeding at 15-20
DAS is required to control
weeds during early growth
period
• Staking is a very
important practice to
obtain good and quality
yield in winged bean due
to indeterminate stem
growth

12. VARIETIES
• AKWB-1 Green pods and Seeds10-12 It is dual purpose
variety used as vegetable and pulse.
• IWB-1 Seeds 11-13 High yielding, medium duration variety
and test weight is 36-38 g.
• IWB-2 Green pods and Seeds13-14 This variety is amenable
for seeds, green pods and fodder.
• Chhattisgarh
• Pankhiya
• Sem-2
• Green pods and Seeds10-12 It is a dual purpose variety
performing well under backyard (badi situation) at tribal
people of Chhattisgarh

13. FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT
• The crop requires 20 tonnes/ha FYM and application
of fertilizer dose of N:P:K at 50:80:50 kg/ha.
• Full dose of P and K and split dose of nitrogen is
applied at the time of sowing while remaining dose of
nirogen is top dressed at 40 to 60 DAS

14. HARVESTING
• Green pods can be harvested
from about 10 weeks after
sowing.
• Yield :
• 5-10 t/ha each, whereas seed
yield ranges from 1-1.5 t/ha.
• Storage :
• The shelf life of the pods can
be increased to 4 weeks under
storage temperature of 10°C
and 90% relative humidity

15. LIMA BEAN
• Scientific name :Phaseolus lunatus
• Common name : Butter beans
• Family : leguminaseae
• Origin : south America
• Chromosome no. : 2n =22

16. TAXONOMY
• Kingdom Plantae
• Subkingdom Viridiplantae
• Infrakingdom Streptophyta
• Superdivision Embryophyta
• Division Tracheophyta
• Subdivision Spermatophytina
• Class Magnoliopsida
• Superorder Rosanae
• Order Fabales
• Family Fabaceae
• Genus Phaseolus L. – bean, wild bean
• Species Phaseolus lunatus L. – sieva bean

17. IMPORTANCE AND USES
• It is grown as green manure crop, cover crop
• In USA dry, fresh lima beans are processed on large
scale for canning,freezing
• Leaves and stem turned into hay/silage
• Seeds and leaves have astringent qualities hence used as
diet for fever
• It is used in soups,salad,stews,vegetable

18. BOTANY
• Perennial, twining vine which goes upto 5 mt height
• Stem is obtuse -pentagonal, puberulent
• Leaves are alternate, teifoliate
• Inflorescence is axillary pseudoracemes 3 to 30 cm
long
• Corolla is white or liliac, pink and bluish
• Fruit is in form of half moon, flattened 5 -10cm long
• Seeds are reniform , flattened, reddiah brown with
dark spots

20. SOIL & CLIMATE
• Deep,well drained soil with pH of 5.8 to 6.5 is required for cultivation
• These can be grown at altitude higher than 2000m
• Optimum temperature of 16-27°c is preferred , It is sensitive to frost
• Average rainfall of 900 -1500mm is required .
• Land preparation:
• Land should be tilled to a fine tilth
• Deep ploughing should be done 2 -3 times by using ploughing, harrow
• Clods should be broken down

21. SOWING
• seeds are sown in hills @ 2-
3 seeds / hill at a distance of
180 x 120 cm during July.
• Germination or budding
occurs in June or July.
• Baby lima beans are planted
in early June and harvested
about 10–12 weeks later.
• Seed rate required is 8-10
kg/ha.

22. FLOWERING
• The first inflorescence appears in
October or November.
• The production of flowers and
fruits usually ends between
February and April.
• Depending on variety, first
flowering generally occurs at 35
days from planting, and peak
flowering at 60 days

23. INTER CULTURAL OPERATIONS
• Trellising :
• When plants start vining, they
are trained to trellis made with
vertical bamboo poles with
horizontals tied at a distance of
45 cm.
• Height of trellis is up to 150
cm and they are usually erected
along direction of wind.

24. FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT
• 20kg N, 40kg P205 is required for one hectare of land applied
as side dressing at the early bud stage and during pod
development
• Top dressing of nitrogenous fertilizer at a rate of 40g/m2 can
be done
• Application of FYM 10 ton/ha before seed sowing

25. HARVESTING &YIELD
• First harvest is obtained four
months after sowing, i.e., by
November and it extends up to
March.
• On an average, 12-14 harvests
are possible at an interval of
15-16 days.
• Smaller bush types need
mechanical harvesting
• Yield varies from 8-12 t/ha.

26. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
• Storage of fresh beans in Co2
conc of 25 -35% inhibited
fungal and bacterial growth
without adversely affecting
the it quality
• Storage temp of 5-6°c,
95%RH increases shelf life
to 5-7 days.

27. Varieties
• Cypress 77 cold soil tolerance, resistant to downy mildew race E, compact, cold
tolerant, heat susceptible, for later plantings
• Meadow 77 resistant to downy mildew race E, compact, heat susceptible, for later
plantings
• Maestro 77 resistant to downy mildew race E, compact, heat susceptible, for later
plantings
• C-elite harvested in 84 days, resistant to downy mildew race E, large plant, high
set, for earlier plantings
• Jackson Wonder harvested in 85 days, no resistance to current races of downy
mildew, speckled type
• Dixie Butter Pea harvested in 75 days, no resistance to current races of downy
mildew

28. CLUSTER BEAN
• Scientific name : Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
• Common name : Guar bean
• Family : fabaceae
• Chromosome no.: 2n =14
• Origin : west Africa, India

29. TAXONOMY
• Kingdom Plantae
• Subkingdom Viridiplantae
• Infrakingdom Streptophyta
• Superdivision Embryophyta
• Division Tracheophyta
• Subdivision Spermatophytina
• Class Magnoliopsida
• Superorder Rosanae
• Order Fabales
• Family Fabaceae
• Genus Cyamopsis DC.
• Species Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. – guar, Calcutta-lucerne,
cluster-bean, Siam-bean

30. IMPORTANCE & USES
• The seed contain 18%protein,32%fibre ,30-33%gum in
the endosperm. This gum is utilized in icecreams, baked
and dairy products etc
• Cluster bean can be raised as green manure crop and
cover crop
• Helps in fixing the soil nitrogen capacity
• Guar gum is generally grown for feed, fodder, vegetable
crops

31. BOTANY
• Cluster bean is a annual, erect, herbaceous, robust legume
• It has indeterminate growth ahbit and can grow upto 0.4 -0.3
m ht
• Root is a deep tap root system
• Leaves are alternate, trifoliate, ovate with serrate margins
• Inflorescence is a axillary racemose, flowers are born in
clusters
• Pods are larger, fleshy, glabrous
• Seeds are light gray, purple coloured

33. SOIL & CLIMATE
• The Cluster bean is grown in medium to light textured soil
having a pH of 7.0 to 8.5.
• Water logged conditions affects the crop growth.
• Heavy loam soils are not suitable for cultivation of cluster
bean. Also the crop growth is affected in the high moisturized
area
• The crop requires 30 to 35°C temperatures at the sowing time
for proper germination and 32 to 38°c
• Atmospheric humidity encourages the infestation of many
diseases like bacterial leaf blight, root rot etc.

34. LAND PREPARATION
• After harvesting of rabi crop one deep ploughing from mould
board plough or disk harrow followed by 1-2 harrowing or
ploughing and planting

35. SOWING
• The crop is sown in the first week of
July
• During summer it can be grown in
the month of March
• Spacing :row to Row- 45 cm
(normal), 30 cm (single stem variety)
Plant to Plant- 15-20 cm
• Seed treatment :
• Seed is treated with2 g Thiram and 1
g Carbendazim /kg seed.
• Seeds can be treated 2-3 day before
sowing

36. IRRIGATION
• For good production of the crop one irrigation can be given at the time of
flowering and pod formation if crop suffers moisture stress.
• Cluster bean cannot tolerate water logging condition therefore proper
drainage is required in the field
• Weed management:
• Custer bean two manual weeding given at 20-25 and 40-45 days after
sowing are sufficient to keep the crop weed free
• Before germination of the crop application of Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha a.i.
as pre emergence and for post emergence application Imazehtapyr 40g/ha
a.i. in 600 litres of water is applied at 20-25 DAS is suitable for weed
control.

37. FERTILIZER
• 20kg N, 40kg P205 is required for one hectare of land
• About 2.5 tons of FYM should be applied before 15 days of
sowing
• At the sowing time 10kgN, 20kg P2O5 should be applied
as basal dose

38. INTER CULTURAL OPERATIONS
• Inter cropping:
• Cluster bean can be grown
with Bajra in intercropping
system Crop rotation - 1.
Guar-Wheat;
• 2. Guar- Chickpea;
• 3. Guar- Mustard

39. HARVESTING
• For grain purpose crop, harvesting
is done when leaves become dry
and 50% pod turn brown & dry.
• For fodder crop, crop cut when
crop at flowering stage.
• Yield
• By adopting improved package of
practices, crop can produce 10-15 q
seed yield/ha.
• If crop grown for fodder purpose
250- 300 q green fodder/ha can be
achieved.

40. VARIETIES
• For seeds and Gum- HG-365, HG-563, RCG- 1066, RCG- 1003
• For vegetables- Durga Bahaar, Pusa Navbahaar, Pusa Sadabahar
• For Fodder- HFG-119, HFG- 156
Pusa nav bahar Pusa sadabahar

41. AFRICAN YAM BEAN
Scientific name :Sphenostylis stenocarpa
Family :fabaceae
Origin : Africa
Chromosome no.: 2n=22

42. TAXONOMY
• Kingdom : Plantae
• Clade : Tracheophytes
• Clade :Angiosperms
• Clade :Eudicots
• Clade :Rosids
• Order :Fabales
• Family :Fabaceae
• Subfamily :Faboideae
• Genus :Sphenostylis
• Species :S. stenocarpa

43. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE
• Carbohydrate (49.88–63.51%) and protein (19.53–29.53%) are the major components of AYB.
• while other components such as ash (1.86–5.35%), fat (1.39–7.53%), and fibre (2.47–9.57%)
are present in relatively small amounts
• The presence of amino acids makes the bean an excellent fortifying candidate for many
cereal-based diets that are deficient in protein, and as such can be used in addressing the
problem of kwashiorkor and marasmus among infants.

44. USES
• This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil
bacteria that form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric
nitrogen.
• Immature seedpods,leaves - cooked and used as a vegetable
The pods are up to 25cm long and 15mm wide
• Pods boiled and eaten as a vegetable, or added to soups etc.
• The white fleshed roots can be cooked like potatoes, which
they resemble in taste

45. BOTANY
• African Yam Bean, is a tropical, fast-growing climbing vine
growing up to 2 m in height from a tuberous rootstock.
• Its leaves are comprised of three leaflets each of 14 cm long
and 5 cm wide.
• The flowers can be pink, purple, or greenish-white, occurring
in the axils of the leaves.
• Seed pods are flat and smooth.

47. SOIL & CLIMATE
• It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are
within the range 23 - 29°c, but can tolerate 15 - 35°c
• It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,000 - 1,200mm,
but tolerates 800 - 1,400mm
• Grows best in a fertile, sandy soil
• Prefers a pH in the range 5.5 - 6, tolerating 4.5 - 7
• Although perennial, the plant is usually treated as an annual in
cultivation

48. SOWING
• Propogation:
• Seeds
• Division of tubers

49. SPECIAL PRACTISES
Trellising :
• When plants start vining, they are
trained to trellis made with vertical
bamboo poles with horizontals tied at
a distance of 45 cm.
• Height of trellis is up to 150 cm and
they are usually erected along
direction of wind.

50. HARVESTING
• The plant flowers after 90
days and the pods mature in
140 to 210 days.
• Tubers mature 7 - 8 months
after sowing
• Yields :
• Optimum yields of the seed is
2 tonnes per hectare, and of
the tubers 4 tonnes

51. YAM BEAN
Botanical name : Pachyrrhizus erosus
Common name : Potato bean,jicama
Family : Leguminaceae
Chromosome : 2n = 22
Origin : Mexico and northern S. America

52. BOTANY
• A hairy twining herbaceous plant, woody at the base, trailing or climbing to
about 6 m.
• The leaves are alternate, trifoliate, with petioles 3-18 cm long and ovate or
rhomboidal leaflets.
• The flowers are in long axillary racemes; the petals are violet or white, 1.5-
2 cm long and broad.
• The pods are 7.5-15 cm long ,1.5 cm broad, flattened at maturity,
containing 4-12 seeds which are yellow, brown or red
• Tuberous roots, frequently turnip-shaped, are borne at the base of the stem,
are about 10-15 cm in diameter.

54. SOILAND CLIMATE
• Soil-a well-cultivated sandy loam soil with adequate drainage
is essential
• It will tolerate well-drained clay soils, but not heavy soils
liable to become waterlogged.
• It is normally grown at altitudes below 1000 m.

55. PROPOGATION
• Seed primarily , but it can
be grown from sprouted
roots saved from the
previous crop.
• Sowing time – during rainy
season
• Spacing : 15*50 cm
• Yield of roots doubled when
a spacing of 15 x 15 cm was
used.
• Seed rate: 50-60 kg/ha

56. METHOD OF SOWING
• Sowing can be done either on
the flat or in ridges; the latter
gives better results
• Usually 2-3 seeds are placed in
each hole and the plants
thinned out as necessary, or the
seeds may be planted singly by
drill

57. • FYM 10 t/ha during land
preparation
• the application of a 12: 24: 12
NPK fertiliser at the rate of 300-
400 kg/ha before planting has
been recommended
• Application of 200 kg/ha of
ammonium sulphate sprayed
when the plants begin to climb.
FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT :

58. INTER CULTURAL OPERATIONS
• Weed management :
• The crop is kept free from weeds and is often mulched
to help conserve soil moisture and prevent weed growth
• Pruning :
• Sometimes the plants are stopped or pruned in order to
encourage vegetative growth and the removal of the
flowers is reported to increase tuber yields and improve
their flavour

59. HARVESTING
• The crop normally reaches maturity in 5-8 months
• Tuberous roots-which, as normally harvested, are 10-15 cm in
diameter and weigh up to 2-2.5 kg: they have a creamy surface
and white, rather watery flesh.
• The roots are usually dug manually, though with large-scale
production they are sometimes ploughed out.
• Yield:
• Average yields of tuberous roots are about 7.5-20 t/ha

61. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
• The tops are trimmed or removed entirely and the roots
washed and packed in baskets for market.
• Within 24 hours the creamy colour of the skin changes to a
purplish-brown, but this can be arrested if the roots are stored
in the dark at 9-10°C
• They can be stored successfully for at least 2 months at
temperatures just above 0°C; older roots tend to store better
than tender immature ones

62. USES
• The young tubers are eaten raw in salads, or cooked as a
vegetable, or in pickles and chutney.
• Tuberous roots contain both starch and sugar and are a
moderately good source of ascorbic acid
• Seed pods-the young seed pods of P. erosus are sometimes
eaten as a cooked vegetable
• The powdered seeds are sometimes used as an insecticide or
fish poison
• The stems yield a tough fibre, which is sometimes used for
making fishing nets in Fiji.

63. PIGEON PEA
• Scientific name : Cajanus cajan
• Common name : Tur, Ahar
• Family : fabaceae
• Origin : India
• Chrm. No. : 2n =22

64. TAXONOMY
• Kingdom :Plantae
• Clade :Tracheophytes
• Clade :Angiosperms
• Clade :Eudicots
• Clade :Rosids
• Order :Fabales
• Family :Fabaceae
• Subfamily :Faboideae
• Genus :Cajanus
• Species :C. cajan

65. IMPORTANCE &USES
• Seeds contain 25 % protein and used as dal in india
• Used as animal fodder
• Used as green manure crop, cover crop
• Suitable as shelter belt around the vegetable crops
• Provides nitrogen to the soil and can be used in inter cropping

66. BOTANY
• Mainly a tropical plant but cultivated in
sub arid regions in IndiaI
• Ithas a deep taproot system extending up to
two meters and can grow to a height of
four meters.
• Pigeonpea flowers are zygomorphic, borne
on terminal or auxiliary racemes

67. SOIL &CLIMATE
• It is successfully grown in black cotton soils, well drained
with a pH ranging from 7.0-8.5
• Pigeonpea can be grown with a temperature ranging from
260C to 300Cin the rainy season (June to October) and
170C to 220C in the post rainy (November to March)
season.

68. SOWING
• Method of sowing :flat bed, Broad bed furrow, ridge -furrow methods are followed
• Spacing:
• Raised Bed method of planting by dibbling at 2 inches depth with Row to Row
distance 4 to 5 feet also 15 feet gap (2 pairs of Tur on bed)
• Early Maturing Var. - 20-25 kg/ha (Row to Row-45-60 cm & Plant to Plant-10-15
cm) Medium/Late Maturing Var.- 15-20 kg/ha (Row to Row- 60-75 & Plant to
Plant-15-20 cm)
• Sowing time:
• Early Maturing varieties- First fortnight of June; Medium & Late Maturing
Varieties-Second fortnight of June.
• Line sowing by seed drill or desi plough or by dibbling on the ridge and beds, both
are recommended as per the area.

69. RGT-1 :
maturity in 150-160 yield14-15t /ha High yielding, Wilt resistant, semi determinate,
suitable to kharif and rabi
TDRG 4 :
maturity in170-180 yield 20-22 t/ha indeterminate, spreading, resistant to wilt and
moderately resistant to sterility mosaic disease
and highly tolerant to pod borerorers,
Jawahar Tur :
maturity in 160-180 yield 19-32 t/ha Mode.resistant to Fusarium Wilt, SMD &PB .
Tolerant to PBcomplex and PF &Nematodes.
Lam-41
maturity in 110-115 yield12-15 t/ha tolerant to Helicoverpa Pod Borer
PalemKhandi :
maturity in 150-155 days,yield 16-18 t/ha Resistant to Fusarium Wilt; Plant height : 150-180 cm;
Tolerant to drought.
Varieties/hybrids

70. INTER CULTURAL OPERATIONS
• Inter-cropping:
• Pigeonpea is commonly intercropped
with a wide range of crops. In India, it
was estimated that 80 - 90 % of the
pigeonpea were intercropped:
• a) With cereals (sorghum, maize, pearl
millet, finger millet and rain-fed rice).
• b) With legumes (groundnut, cowpea,
mung bean, black gram, soybean).
• c) With long-season annuals (caster,
cotton, sugarcane, and cassava)

71. IRRIGATION
• in case of prolonged drought there is
need of three irrigation 1 st at
branching stage (30 DAS) 2nd one in
flowering stage (70 DAS) and 3rd at
the time of podding stage (110 DAS)
• Drip irrigation is also been used
• Nutrient management:
• Apply 25-30 kg N, 40-50 kg P2O5,
30 kg K2O per ha area as Basal dose
at the time of sowing

72. WEED MANAGEMENT
• The first 60 days is very critical and harmful for the arhar crop.
• Two mechanical weedings one at 20-25 days and another at
45-50 days after sowing but before flowering.
• The Preemergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75- 1 Kg
a.i. per ha in 400-600 liter of water or Alachlor 50 % EC
(Laso) 2-2.5 kg a.i. per ha in 400-500 liter of water

73. HARVESTING &YIELD
• With two third to three fourth
pods at maturity judged by
changing their colour to
brown is the best harvesting
time.
• Yield : 25-30 q/ha from
irrigated condition and 15-20
q/ha from un-irrigated
condition and 50-60 q/ha of
sticks for fuel, as well.

74. POST HARVEST MEASURES
• Harvested plants should be left in the field for sun drying for 3-6 days
depending on season.
• Moisture content of seeds to be reduced to 9-10%
• Threshing is done either by beating the pods with stick or using Pullman
thresher.
• The proportion of seed to pods is generally 50-60%.
• To avoid further development of bruchids and other storage pests, it is
recommended to fumigate the storage material before onset of monsoon
and again after the monsoon with ALP @ 1-2 tablets per tonne.

75. SOY BEAN
• Scientific name : Glycine max
• Common name : soja bean
• Family : fabaceae
• Chromosome no. : 2n =40
• Origin : china

76. TAXONOMY
• Kingdom Plantae
• Subkingdom Viridiplantae
• InfrakingdomStreptophyta
• Superdivision Embryophyta
• Division Tracheophyta
• Subdivision Spermatophytina
• Class Magnoliopsida
• Superorder Rosanae
• Order Fabales
• Family Fabaceae
• Genus Glycine Willd. – soybean
• Species Glycine max (L.) Merr

77. BOTANY
• The soybean plant is usually an erect bush with woody stems and
alternately arranged leaves.
• The leaves possess three individual leaflets which are oval or lance-like in
shape, growing to a length of 3–10 cm (1.2–4.0 in).
• The soybean plant produces small white or purple flowers and curved seed
pods which are 3–15 cm (1.2–6 in) in length and can contain between 1 and
5 seeds.
• The seeds can be a variety of colors including yellow, green, brown, black
or a mottled combination.
• Soybean is an annual plant, surviving only one growing season and can
reach heights of 0.2–1.5 m (0.7–1.4 ft).

79. SOIL &CLIMATE
• Minimum Temp of 13°-18°c is required for seed germination
• For good growth of plant temp of 21 -32°c is required
• for cultivation in glasshouses or vinyl tunnels the
recommended temperature is less than 21–32°C
• fertile, healthy and well-drained soil is desirable.
• Soil with a pH range of 5.8 to 7 is preferred and the optimum
soil pH is 6.0

80. • Sowing:The seed germinates and seedling
emerges in about 5 to
• 10 days under optimum soil moisture and
temperature
• Seed treatment:The seeds should be treated
with fungicides such as Arasan or Ceresan 75%
WP @ 3 ga.i./kg of seed to protect them from
the soil borne pathogens.
• Seedsshould preferably be inoculated with
Bradyrhizobium inoculum.
• Spacing :The spacing between rows and withint
he rows between plants can be 66 to 91 cm and
7.5 cm respectively.

81. WEED MANAGEMENT
• Pre -emergence herbicide such as Lasso (alachlor) or
Pursuit(imazethapyr) is sprayed at 1.5 kg a.i./ha to control
weeds.
• Inter-cultivation is done once or twice during the crop season
to loosen the soil and to control weeds.
• If necessary hand weeding is also done to eliminate weeds.
• Until the crop canopy covers the groundthe weeds should be
properly managed to avoid competition.
• For good germination optimum soil moisture (50% of the soil)
is essential. .

82. IRRIGATION
• Irrigation is essential during early stages of the crop.
Therefore, irrigation for every 15 -20 days interval is
recommended.
• Critical stages for irrigation are the flowering and seed filling
• Lack of moisture during critical stages will result in flower and
pod drop and poor bean development, poor yield and poor
quality bean

83. • Harvesting
• If the seed cavity is full while the
pod is still fresh green, then it is time
to harvest
• Edamame is ready for harvest when
the moisture content of the beans is
65 to 70%.
• At this stage the pods are still fresh
green,leaves began to turn yellow

84. Varieties and hybrids
• Rust tolerant varieties viz. PS 1024, PS 1029, Indira Soya 9,
MAUS 61, MAUS 61-2 etc.
• NRC 2(Ahilya 1), NRC-12 (Ahilya 2), NRC-7 (Ahilya 3) and
NRC-37 (Ahilya 4).
• Several varieties like JS 93-05, JS 95-60, JS 335, JS 80-21,
NRC 2, NRC 37, Punjab 1, Kalitur have been developed with
high seed longevity.
• Varieties like MACS 58, NRC 37, Type 49, Durga, Punjab 1
have been developed that are suitable for mechanical
harvesting having high insertion point of the lowest pod

85. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
• Iron chlorosis:
• Caused by iron deficiency in plant. Because
of inability of plant to take it up
• Symptoms:
• Yellowing between the leaf veins
• Growth and yield are effected
• Remedy :
• Application of Iron in EDDHA iron chelate
form on the seed at planting
• Planting of oats as cover crop

86. JACK BEAN
• Botanical name : canavalia ensiformis
• Common name : horse bean
• Family : fabaceae
• Origin :central America, west Indies
• Chrm. No. : 2n =22

87. TAXONOMY
• Kingdom: Plantae
• (unranked): Angiosperms
• (unranked): Eudicots
• (unranked): Rosids
• Order: Fabales
• Family: Fabaceae
• Genus: Canavalia
• Species: C. ensiformis

88. IMPORTANCE &USES
• The bean is a good sources of protein, 23% to 34%, and carbohydrate 55%.
It is also a good source of Ca, Zn, P, Mg, Cu and Ni.
• It is used as a soil improver
• In some countries like mauritius it is used for green manuring
• Helps in treating ailments like hemarroids, cancers, ozena etc
• Helps for stronger immune system, healtheir heart, etc
• Pods and seeds are edible and used for food, the young pods being cooked
as a vegetable.
• The whole plant, the pods and seeds are also used to feed animals.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf02436029

89. BOTANY
• Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) is a climbing
perennial legume commonly cultivated as an annual.
• It grows up to 2 m high with 8-20 cm long trifoliate leaves
and a strong root system.
• Flowers are pink, mauve or white with a red base.
• Pods are up to 36 cm long and contain 1-2 cm long,
ellipsoid seeds.

91. SOIL & CLIMATE
• Warm season crop and sub tropical and mild altitidinal zone of
hills is suitable to grow these crop
• It is a typical short plant and grow well with a 10 to 12 hour
day length
• The crop requires mean temperature about 29-30°c
• Jack bean requires adequate soil moisture during early
vegetation as well a during flowering

92. SEED RATE & SOWING
• The seed rate followed is one or
two seeds per pit
• Spacing : 60 *60cm
• Sowing Time -may to june and
September to October

93. HARVESTING AND YIELD
• Flowering and fruiting start from
about 70 days after sowing
• About 2 to 2.5 kg pods per plant is
obtained J
• Post harvest measures :
• Jack beans will keep definitely well
when stored at cool, dry place
• Never store them ina refrigerator

94. COMMON DISEASES
• Fusarium wilt :Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp.ciceris
• downward curling of leaves and
stipules.
• Management:
• Crop rotation for 5 years
• Seed treatment with thiram
• Anthracnose :Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum
• Elongatedbrownish to black lesions
of varied size appear around the
veins.
• Management:
• Crop rotation for 3 years
• Seed treatment with thiram

95. • Yellow mosaic :
• Downward curling of foliage .
• The leaves of infected plantsbecome
mottled, chlorotic puckered and tend to
droop
• Management:Downward curling of foliage
occur
• The leaves of infected plants become
mottled, chlorotic puckered and tend to
droop
• Powdery mildew :Ersiphe polygonii
• White powdery aubstance appears on leaves
• Later they turn purple colour and wilt
• Management:
• Collection and destruction of affected plants

96. COMMON PESTS
• Aphids :Aphis fabae
• Suck the sap from the plant
• So plant become wilt
• Management:
• Spraying dichlorovas 0.05%
• Spotted pod borer :Maruca vitrata
• Bore holes into pods, twigs, branches
• Infected pods are webbed together
• Management:
• Use of plant parasatoids

97. • Bean stem fly:ophiomyia phaseoli
• Zig-zag tunnels are made which later later
result in wilting and death of plant
• Management:
• Crop rotaion
• Avoid sowing during rainy season
• Cut worm :striacosta albicosta
• Very tiny round window panes resulted by
external feeding of leaves
• Management:
• Removing weeds, stubbles after harvesting
• Application of FYM

98. THANK YOU