Plasminogen is a proenzyme which is converted into active plasmin by plasminogen activators on the fibrin surface.
Plasminogen plays an important role in many events, such as cell migration, angiogenesis, and fibrinolysis.
It passes into the bloodstream in proenzyme form after being synthesized in the liver and turns into plasmin, the active enzyme format. Mucosal areas acquire a coarse appearance due to the accumulation of fibrin in the absence of complete or partial plasminogen. For this reason, the term “ligneous”, which means “woody” in Latin, is used.The term “ligneous periodontitis” was first defined by Gunhan et al. as a periodontal disease characterized by membranous gingival overgrowth and severe bone loss due to the accumulation of amyloid-like material. The most characteristic features of this destructive periodontal disease are widespread membranous, nodular gingival enlargements in both maxilla and mandible leading to rapid tooth loss despite several treatment attempts .
Several therapeutic approaches to reduce the bacterial load to decrease the inflammation and thus the progression of the disease have been attempted; these procedures include scaling and root planing, chlorhexidine rinsing, administration of antibiotics, and periodontal surgery.Neering et al. have reported that patients with PLG-deficiency Type I may benefit from nonsurgical periodontal therapy including full mouth disinfection in combination with adjunctive antibiotic therapy and a strict supportive periodontal therapy regime every three months .
Scully et al. suggested that gingival lesions can be controlled by topical heparin or intravenous purified plasminogen. Gunhan et al. stated that systemic fibrinolytic and antithrombotic agents may prove more beneficial than local treatments, because the ligneous lesions tend to involve several mucosal areas .
Traditional periodontal treatment options for managing gingival enlargements include either gingivectomy or flap surgeries.
The main objective is to excise the enlargements and reestablish healthy gingival margins and contours.The healing pattern in flap surgeries is by primary intention, whereas in gingivectomy, it involves healing by secondary intention. These healing mechanisms involve the formation of a fibrin clot, which creates a framework for normal periodontal tissues to grow back.
However, in patients with plasminogen deficiency, the inadequacy of plasmin results in the overgrowth of fibrin. This is the main reason for the failure of conventional periodontal treatment modalities in these patients.
The healing pattern in flap surgeries is by primary intention, whereas in gingivectomy, it involves healing by secondary intention. These healing mechanisms involve the formation of a fibrin clot, which creates a framework for normal periodontal tissues to grow back.
However, in patients with plasminogen deficiency, the inadequacy of plasmin results in the overgrowth of fibrin. This is the main reason for t
Frailty syndrome and periodontal disease pptjegede lilian
this document contains a seminar presentation on frailty syndrome
and its relationship with the periodontics and how to manage a patient with this condition.
Plasminogen is a proenzyme which is converted into active plasmin by plasminogen activators on the fibrin surface.
Plasminogen plays an important role in many events, such as cell migration, angiogenesis, and fibrinolysis.
It passes into the bloodstream in proenzyme form after being synthesized in the liver and turns into plasmin, the active enzyme format. Mucosal areas acquire a coarse appearance due to the accumulation of fibrin in the absence of complete or partial plasminogen. For this reason, the term “ligneous”, which means “woody” in Latin, is used.The term “ligneous periodontitis” was first defined by Gunhan et al. as a periodontal disease characterized by membranous gingival overgrowth and severe bone loss due to the accumulation of amyloid-like material. The most characteristic features of this destructive periodontal disease are widespread membranous, nodular gingival enlargements in both maxilla and mandible leading to rapid tooth loss despite several treatment attempts .
Several therapeutic approaches to reduce the bacterial load to decrease the inflammation and thus the progression of the disease have been attempted; these procedures include scaling and root planing, chlorhexidine rinsing, administration of antibiotics, and periodontal surgery.Neering et al. have reported that patients with PLG-deficiency Type I may benefit from nonsurgical periodontal therapy including full mouth disinfection in combination with adjunctive antibiotic therapy and a strict supportive periodontal therapy regime every three months .
Scully et al. suggested that gingival lesions can be controlled by topical heparin or intravenous purified plasminogen. Gunhan et al. stated that systemic fibrinolytic and antithrombotic agents may prove more beneficial than local treatments, because the ligneous lesions tend to involve several mucosal areas .
Traditional periodontal treatment options for managing gingival enlargements include either gingivectomy or flap surgeries.
The main objective is to excise the enlargements and reestablish healthy gingival margins and contours.The healing pattern in flap surgeries is by primary intention, whereas in gingivectomy, it involves healing by secondary intention. These healing mechanisms involve the formation of a fibrin clot, which creates a framework for normal periodontal tissues to grow back.
However, in patients with plasminogen deficiency, the inadequacy of plasmin results in the overgrowth of fibrin. This is the main reason for the failure of conventional periodontal treatment modalities in these patients.
The healing pattern in flap surgeries is by primary intention, whereas in gingivectomy, it involves healing by secondary intention. These healing mechanisms involve the formation of a fibrin clot, which creates a framework for normal periodontal tissues to grow back.
However, in patients with plasminogen deficiency, the inadequacy of plasmin results in the overgrowth of fibrin. This is the main reason for t
Frailty syndrome and periodontal disease pptjegede lilian
this document contains a seminar presentation on frailty syndrome
and its relationship with the periodontics and how to manage a patient with this condition.
Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two common chronic inflammatory diseases sharing a similar hostmediated pathogenesis [1].
Periodontitis is characterized by soft and hard tissue destruction around teeth, ultimately leading to tooth loss [2],
while RA is characterized by destruction of cartilage andbone in the joints, mediated by similar boneresorptive cytokines and proteinases [1, 3].
Both diseases lead to significant morbidity, with periodontitis ultimately leading to tooth loss and loss of masticatory function, and RA leading to loss of joint function and loss of mobility
Austin Otolaryngology is an open access, peer review journal publishing original research & review articles in all the fields of Otolaryngology. Otolaryngology deals with the study of ear, nose and throat. Austin Otolaryngology provides a new platform for students to publish their research work & update the latest research information in Otolaryngology.
Austin Otolaryngology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Otolaryngology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Otolaryngology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This presentation includes the definition, aetiology, clinical features, Staging and recent advances in the treatment protocol for the management of oral submucous fibrosis.
Hormonal changes in female patients and periodontal diseasesPerio Files
Hormonal fluctuations and gingival changes in female patient occurs during Puberty, Menstruation, Pregnancy, Menopause,
Oral Contraceptives, Osteoporosis.
NEED FOR ASSESSMENT: To identify high-risk stages of female patients in prior so that preventive and treatment procedures can be tailored
Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two common chronic inflammatory diseases sharing a similar hostmediated pathogenesis [1].
Periodontitis is characterized by soft and hard tissue destruction around teeth, ultimately leading to tooth loss [2],
while RA is characterized by destruction of cartilage andbone in the joints, mediated by similar boneresorptive cytokines and proteinases [1, 3].
Both diseases lead to significant morbidity, with periodontitis ultimately leading to tooth loss and loss of masticatory function, and RA leading to loss of joint function and loss of mobility
Austin Otolaryngology is an open access, peer review journal publishing original research & review articles in all the fields of Otolaryngology. Otolaryngology deals with the study of ear, nose and throat. Austin Otolaryngology provides a new platform for students to publish their research work & update the latest research information in Otolaryngology.
Austin Otolaryngology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Otolaryngology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Otolaryngology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
This presentation includes the definition, aetiology, clinical features, Staging and recent advances in the treatment protocol for the management of oral submucous fibrosis.
Hormonal changes in female patients and periodontal diseasesPerio Files
Hormonal fluctuations and gingival changes in female patient occurs during Puberty, Menstruation, Pregnancy, Menopause,
Oral Contraceptives, Osteoporosis.
NEED FOR ASSESSMENT: To identify high-risk stages of female patients in prior so that preventive and treatment procedures can be tailored
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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4. ➢Plasminogen(PLG) is the Proenzyme of plasmin and predominantly
synthesised by liver
➢Plasminogen lyses fibrin clots to fibrin degradation products (FDP) and
D-dimer; the conversion to active protease is mediated by tissue-type
(tPA) and urokinase-type (uPA) plasminogen activators. Generated
plasmin is quickly inactivated by its main inhibitor alpha2-antiplasmin
➢Functions
● Broad spectrum proteolytic factor either by directly degrading
extracellular matrix proteins,e.g. laminin,fibronection and proteoglycans,
and indirectly by activating latent metalloproteinases
● Tissue homeostasis, e.g. remodeling,angiogenesis, and wound healing
● Host defence against infections
5. ➢Plasminogen deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive
disease caused by homozygote or compound
heterozygote mutations of the plasminogen gene PLG
6q26
➢Types
● Hypoplasminogenemia(type I PLG deficiency)in which
level and activity of PLG are reduced
● Dysplasminogenemia (type II PLG deficiency)in which
the level of immunoreactive PLG is within normal range,
but the specific activity of PLG is reduced
6. ➢Type I PLG deficiency clinical symptoms
● recurrent wood like pseudomembranes on mucosal surfaces
of eyes, upper and lower respiratory tract, vagina and
gastrointestinal tract
● In addition, approximately one third of the affected
individuals suffer from pseudomembranes of the oral cavity
● Ligneous Periodontitis is characterised by gingival
enlargement and severe attachment loss, which is associated
with the accumulation of amyloid like material in the lamina
propria
7. ● Treatment approaches for periodontitis associated
with PLG deficiency included surgical and non-
surgical periodontal therapy
● The present case report presents the treatment of a
female patient with a severe, generalized periodontitis
modified by systemic factors (type I PLG deficiency)
using a fullmouth disinfection approach in
combination with specific adjunctive systemic
antibiotic therapy aimed at altering the oral
microbiome.
8. ● The presented patient is a Turkish female diagnosed with type I PLG
deficiency
● Both of her siblings had also been diagnosed with type I PLG
deficiency
At age of 9 years:
● The patient presented with conjunctivitis lignosa at the Department
of Pediatrics, University of Duesseldorf, where additional ligneous
lesions at the mucosa of the middle ear, respiratory tract, vagina, and
gingival hyperplasia were found
● Intraoral examination revealed erythematous and hyperplastic
gingiva in the upper and lower jaw and class 3 mobility of all
deciduous teeth.
10. ● Histological assessment of gingival biopsy showed a
reactive squamous epithelial hyperplasia with fibrin
precipitation and massive ulcerations
11. When she was 13 years old
● The patient presented again for periodontal evaluation. At the
time, the patient was receiving a systemic immunosuppressive
therapy with mycophenolat-mophetil for the management of a
severe pneumonia and hematocolpos.
● In addition, she was receiving longterm antibiotic therapy with
ciprofloxacin and pyrazinomid for a pulmonary infection with
multiresistant tuberculosis bacteria.
● The periodontal evaluation revealed signs of generalized severe
periodontitis with gingival hyperplasia, ulceration and
fibrinous pseudomembranes.
12. Panoromic radiograph showed generalized horizontal bone loss of
10%-30% at upper and lower anterior teeth and vertical alveolar
bone loss at all first molars
13. At the age of 16 years
● Clinical examination revealed generalised increase in
tooth mobility and gingival hyperplasia
● Patient complains of severe halitosis and impaired
aesthetics due to the gingival hyperplasia
● Compared to clinical and radiological assessment at 13
years of age, progression of attachment and bone loss
was noted
14.
15.
16. ● Supra and subgingival debridement of all teeth was
performed under local anesthesia with in 24 hours and
maxillary right and both mandibular first molars are
extracted
● Adjunctive antimicrobial therapy included systemic
administration of amoxicillin(500mg tid) and
metronidazole(400mg tid) and twice daily rinsing with
0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate for two weeks
● Eight weeks following the treatment the gingival
hyperplasia , pocket probing depth and bleeding on
probing were markedly reduced
17. At age of 18 years
● There were only minimal signs of residual gingival
hyperplasia and signs of arrested periodontitis.
● Interestingly, the clinical signs of type I PLG deficiency
at the ear, urogenital tract and upper respiratory tract
and the eyes showed positive changes at the same time
following periodontal therapy.
18. Intraoral photographs at the age of 18 years: two years following full mouth
supra- and subgingival debridement in combination with an adjunctive
antibiotic therapy and supportive periodontal therapy every 3 months
19. ● Clinical signs of ligneous periodontitis are
characterized by an aggressive periodontal tissue
destruction,loss of alveolar bone and teeth
● Local extracellular fibrinolysis by plasmin is required
for initial removal of fibrin rich matrix as well as for
remodeling of granulation tissue and completion of
wound healing
● Impairment of the pathway due to
hypoplasminogenemia leads to fibrin accumulation
and an increased inflammatory reaction
20. ● Consequently, the process of wound healing stops at the
stage of granulation tissue formation and cellular
proteolysis, which may further support the invasion of
pathogens
● This process is notably pronounced in mucous membranes
such as the periodontal tissues
● The fact that only 32% of patients who suffer from PLG type
I deficiency develop ligneous periodontitis strongly supports
the notion that external triggers, i.e. trauma or infection
may play an additional significant role in the pathogenesis
of this disease
21. ● Therefore, the reduction of the bacterial load by an
adjunctive systemic antibiotic therapy seems to be a
reasonable therapy strategy to further decrease the
inflammation and thus the progression of the disease
● A recent study in plasminogen deficient mice
demonstrated massive periodontal breakdown
paralleled by accumulation of fibrin and neutrophils in
affected periodontal tissues
22. ● In conclusion we report on the first successful long
term clinical management of a patient with PLG
deficiency type I
● This case report indicates that patients with PLG type I
may benefit from non surgical periodontal therapy
including full mouth disinfection in combination with
an adjunctive antibiotic therapy and a strict supportive
periodontal therapy regime every three months
23. ● Schuster V, Seregard S. Ligneous conjunctivitis. Surv
Ophthalmol. 2003;48(4):369–88.
● Sivolella S, De Biagi M, Sartori MT, Berengo M, Bressan
E. Destructive membranous periodontal disease
(ligneous gingivitis): a literature review. J Periodontol.
2012;83(4):465–76. doi:10.1902/jop.2011.110261.
● Schuster V, Hugle B, Tefs K. Plasminogen deficiency. J
Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(12):2315–22. doi:10.1111/j.1538-
7836.2007.02776.x
● Mehta R, Shapiro AD. Plasminogen deficiency.
Haemophilia. 2008;14(6):1261–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-
2516.2008.01825.x.