New Developments in ArCo, the Italian Cultural Heritage Knowledge Graph

ArCo,
the
knowledge graph of

the
Italian Cultural
Heritage:
new
developments

Italian Cultural Heritage
ICCD (MiBAC) coordinates
cataloguing activities and CH data
management
General Catalogue of
Italian CH
cataloguing standards,
controlled lists
almost 3M
catalogue records
+800K
catalogue records15M
catalogue numbers
released
30 types of cultural
properties
1

eXtreme Design
Trajectory
AgentRole
RecurrentEvent
PartOf
Sequence
Observation
TimeIndexedParticipation TimeInterval
SIGEC
web

Catalogue vs. knowledge graph
ICCD catalogue and its standards are gold mines
• To perform an ontological analysis of the Cultural Heritage
domain
• To bootstrap a knowledge graph for the Italian Cultural Heritage
ArCo ontologies may serve a network of knowledge graphs
• Extracted from other catalogues
• Encoding research data
• And beyond
4

What s ArCo for?
The official catalogue of Italian Cultural Heritage as linked
open data
Cultural heritage knowledge graphs for supporting:
• Discovery Science
• New methodologies in Humanities
• Computer Science advancement
• Creative applications
• Preservation and protection of Cultural Heritage
• …
5

6
How can we achieve these
challenging goals?

7
• By creating a distributed laboratory of research and
ideas focused on Cultural Heritage knowledge graphs
• By creating a community including contributors from
universities and research organisations, schools,
companies, public administrations, citizens

9
A little about ArCo s
story so far

ArCo KG in numbers
Ontology network
• 7 ontology modules
• 5,058 axioms
• 1,049 predicates
• reuse of 11 other ontologies
Data
• 169,151,644 triples
• 20,838 owl:sameAs linking to 20,479 distinct entities
in 8 other datasets and 2 controlled vocabularies
11
Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Maria Letizia Mancinelli, Ludovica Marinucci, Andrea Giovanni
Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Chiara Veninata: ArCo: The Italian Cultural Heritage Knowledge
Graph.

Why ?
• Improving PA data management, enhancing cultural heritage
• Connection to other Knowledge Bases
• Fostering reuse by third parties
• Addressing new modelling issues
• Not only metadata, not only the catalogue s perspective
à representing implicit knowledge embedded
in the metadata à discovery science
epistemological
!=
ontological
data for
scholars and
researchers
data &
ontologies
mutual
enrichment
e.g. different types of locations
classifications of musical instruments
diagnosis of paleopathologies
coin issuance, …
better research
results
catalogue
record
cultural
property
12
not limited to the
Italian domain

How to use ArCo
Docker container available on GitHub
+ its running instance online
https://w3id.org/arco
13
multi-language

User guides
https://essepuntato.it/graffoo/
14

Ontologies
https://essepuntato.it/lode/
human-readable
documentation
source code
15

ArCo at a glance
supporting new users
& users from different backgrounds
Examples
CQ
SPARQL
query
results
RDF
visualization
17

Using XD for developing ArCo KG
eXtreme Design
18
detailed
documentation
of the applied
methodology

requirements
collected in the form
of stories
Type: Linking my data to ArCo data
Title: Cultural heritage and residential property
Story: I am looking for a residential property to
buy, and I want to filter the results based on the
type of cultural heritage nearby.
applications
linking LOD
publishing LOD
e.g.
translated as
Competency Questions
and other constraints
CQs
Which is the geometry
of a cultural property?
e.g.
continuous
feedback
& new emerging
requirements
customer
team
design
team
ICCD
wider community
private & public
companies and
institutions
+
requirements from
beyond domain
experts
19
https://forms.gle/AEK3TV7rgJiKxrTW8
https://github.com/ICCD-‐MiBACT/ArCo/issues

design
team development of
ontology modules
subsets of requirements & coherent sub-areas of the domain
20
Cataloguing
campaign
BotanicalHeritage
Architectural
Heritage
Archeological
Heritage
and

Research
Historical
Research

design
team design principles
pattern-based design
ODP
repository
external
ontologies
OPLa
ontology
annotated with
12 reused ODPs
over the network
shortcut binary
relations along
with
n-ary relations
21
direct &
indirect
reuse
+ 1 new ODP
for recurrent event series
as collections of events
@ WOP2019
http://bit.do/fbQWk
1
2
3
e.g.
situation
collection
classification
componency
[…]

data productiondesign
team
RDFizer
ICCD-XML data
to
ArCo-RDF
http://bit.do/fbqxL
ID generation
deduplication
disambiguation
entity-linking
LIMES
strings
to
entities
entity-linking
against ArCo itself
entities
fingerprints
e.g. active period
of an author
e.g.
<AUTN>Friscia
Albert</AUTN>
friscia-albert
albert-friscia
e.g.
Andrea d Agnolo
Andrea d Agnolo
detto del Sarto
MD5 checksum
dcd4ca7b54dd3d7dac083dd4c54a9eef
LInk discovery framework for MEtric Spaces
22
ULAN
TGN

testing
testing
team
https://w3id.org/testalod
CQ verification
inference
verification
error
provocation
refactoring &
integration
design
team
release &
versioning
huge manual
effort
à prototype for
running unit tests
e.g. When was a cultural property created?
à SPARQL query
e.g. ex:MonumentX a :CulturalProperty .
ex:MonumentX
:hasCulturalPropertyComponent ex:ComponentY .
Expected inference: ex:MonumentX a
:ComplexCulturalProperty .
@ ISWC2019 demo session
e.g. a-cd:Dating owl:disjointWith a-cd:Author .
ex:Example a a-cd:Dating, a-cd:Author .
Expected error: inconsistency
all tests on GitHub
http://bit.do/fbuHS
23

How to join and contribute to ArCo
ArCo does not cover
concepts that are
relevant to
your project?

Contribute with
your story
using ArCo’s Google
Form
You are
using ArCo but you hit
a
bug
or
error?
Open
a
GitHub issue and
we will take
care
of
it
You want to
discuss about ArCo,
ask for
clarification or
propose
ideas?
Join
ArCo’s google group and
start
a
discussion
24
https://github.com/ICCD-‐MiBACT/ArCo/issues
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/arco-project
https://forms.gle/AEK3TV7rgJiKxrTW8

Wrap-up
25
• The biggest knowledge graph of Italian Cultural Heritage
• Available on GitHub, as a docker, on Zenodo, LOV and DataHub
• Released with CC BY 4.0 license (Attribution-ShareAlike)
• Developed using a rigorous methodology based on ODP, supporting
its reuse
• XD-by-example
• Addressing diverse requirements
• from applications to discovery science
• You re welcome to join and contribute!
eXtreme Design

Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Maria Letizia
Mancinelli, Ludovica Marinucci, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina
Presutti, Chiara Veninata: ArCo: The Italian Cultural Heritage
Knowledge Graph. ISWC (2) 2019: 36-52
Submit your requirements: https://forms.gle/AEK3TV7rgJiKxrTW8
Submit your issues: https://github.com/ICCD-‐MiBACT/ArCo/issues
Join
ArCo’s google group:

References 1/2
27
Carriero, V. A., Gangemi, A., Mancinelli, M. L., Nuzzolese, A. G., Presutti, V., & Veninata, C.
(2020). Pattern-based design applied to cultural heritage knowledge graphs.. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1911.07585
Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Maria Letizia Mancinelli, Ludovica Marinucci, Andrea
Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Chiara Veninata: ArCo: The Italian Cultural Heritage
Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Maria Letizia Mancinelli, Ludovica Marinucci, Andrea
Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Chiara Veninata: ArCo ontology network and LOD on
Italian Cultural Heritage. ODOCH@CAiSE 2019: 97-102
Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti:
An Ontology Design Pattern for Representing Recurrent Events. WOP@ISWC 2019: 59-70
Valentina Anita Carriero, Fabio Mariani, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina

References 2/2
28
Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Maria Letizia Mancinelli, Andrea Giovanni
Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Chiara Veninata: Pattern-based design applied to cultural heritage
knowledge graphs. CoRR abs/1911.07585 (2019)
Pascal Hitzler, Aldo Gangemi, Krzysztof Janowicz, Adila Alfa Krisnadhi, Valentina Presutti:
Towards a Simple but Useful Ontology Design Pattern Representation
Language. WOP@ISWC 2017
Valentina Presutti, Giorgia Lodi, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Aldo Gangemi, Silvio Peroni, Luigi
Asprino: The Role of Ontology Design Patterns in Linked Data Projects. ER 2016: 113-121
Eva Blomqvist, Valentina Presutti, Enrico Daga, Aldo Gangemi: Experimenting with eXtreme
Design. EKAW 2010: 120-134
Valentina Presutti, Enrico Daga, Aldo Gangemi, Eva Blomqvist: eXtreme Design with Content
Ontology Design Patterns. WOP 2009

NEW CATALOGUE WEBSITE Fabiana Guernaccini
Regesta.exe

GUIDING PRINCIPLES
communication
innovation
partecipation
Use of semantic
technologies
Users’ central role

SPARQL QUERY
select distinct ?bene ?tipoScheda ?labelBene ?soggetto ?definizione ?properTitle ?statoCons where {
?bene a <https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/arco/HistoricOrArtisticProperty>; rdfs:label ?labelBene;
<https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/denotative-description/hasCulturalPropertyType> ?hasCulturalPropertyType;
<https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/catalogue/isDescribedByCatalogueRecord> ?scheda;
<https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/denotative-description/hasConservationStatus> ?consStatus. ?hasCulturalPropertyType
<https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/denotative-description/hasCulturalPropertyDefinition> ?definition. ?definition rdfs:label
?definizione.
?scheda a ?tipoScheda.
?consStatus <https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/denotative-description/hasConservationStatusType> ?type.
?type rdfs:label ?statoCons
FILTER ( lang(?labelBene) = "en" )
FILTER ( lang(?statoCons) = "en" )
optional {?bene <https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/context-description/subject> ?soggetto}
optional {?bene <https://w3id.org/arco/ontology/context-description/properTitle> ?properTitle}
} limit 100

SEMANTIC ALIGNMENTS
1. ArCo alignments
2. alignments created with automatic procedures
3. alignments created with the help of users (OLAF)

viaf
europeana
LoC
Getty
Museum
DBpedia

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! fguernaccini@regesta.com

Current Version
of ArCo
- main changes -
Margherita Porena (ISTC-CNR) -
margherita.porena@istc.cnr.it

GitHub issues
RDF Triple
Models…
CLOSED: 24 OPEN: 5
What s new?
2
205 M

New models:
which domain?
• Cataloguing campaign
and administrative data
• Botanical Heritage
• Architectural Heritage
3
1. Requirement collection:
stories and competency
questions (CQ)
2. Pattern design
3. Testing
XD
Methodology

Cataloguing campaign - CQ
Source of CQ: ICCD
4
How
many
organizations

have
required
catalogue

numbers?
Which
activities
are

associated
to
a
cataloguing

campaign?How
long
did
it
take
for
the

application
to
be
approved?
How
many
catalogue
numbers
have
been

assigned
to
a
digitization
campaign?

Botanical Heritage - CQ
Source of CQ: ICCD Standards (Botanical Heritage ‒ Cataloguing norm)
8
Who
has
determined

the
original
classification
of

the
specimen?
Which
specimen

is
an
holotype?
How
many
taxon
are
associated
to
a

specimen?
Which
is
the
first
one?
What
type
of
botanical
revision

had
the
specimen?
When?

Botanical Heritage
10
I
have a
specimen
of

Heteropterys
chysophylla,
classified
by
Attilio
Tassi
in
1864

and
then revised by

Biagio
Longo
who
classified it as a

Heteropterys
coleoptera*
*The
example of
the
story
is invented

Botanical Heritage
11
The
specimen
in
my
herbarium is the

holotype used by

Leman to
create
the

taxon of
a
Rosa
canina

in
1753*
*The
example of
the
story
is invented

Botanical Heritage
12
My
specimen
has been
morphological revision
by
Kunth in
2013,

*The
example of
the
story
is invented

Architectural Heritage - CQ
13
Source of CQ: - ICCD Standards (Architectural Heritage ‒
Cataloguing norm)
- stories from architects (Università Roma3)
I
want
to
represents
my
data

about
Palazzo
dell’Arte Moderna.
Spaces
Coverings
Vertical

connections
Time
of
realization …

Architectural Heritage
14
The
Palazzo
dell'Arte
moderna of
E42

consists
of
two

buildings,
a
bigger

one
(78,20
x
78,20
m)

and
a
smaller
one

(21,70
x
33,10
m).

The
ground
floor
(at

33,50
m
above
the

sea)
is
8
meters
high,

while
the
other
floors

are
4,25
meters
high.

15
:
In
the
main
building,
there
are
the

exhibiting
rooms,
while
the
other

building
hosts
an
auditorium
at
the

ground
floor
and
exhibiting
spaces

at
the
first
and
second
floor

16
The
outer
walls
and

the
piles
of
the

buildings
are,
covered

with
rectangular
slabs

of
white
marble
of

Carrara
on
the
main

facades
and
of
white

plaster
on
the
back

facades.

18
In
the
bigger
building,
there
are
two

main
monumental
double-‐return
stairs

(three
flights
and
one
landing
each).

The
main
stairs,
which
have
52
rises,

are
constructed
of
brick
masonry

covered
with
marble.

19
Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Maria Letizia
Mancinelli, Ludovica Marinucci, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina
Presutti, Chiara Veninata: ArCo: The Italian Cultural Heritage
Submit your requirements: https://forms.gle/AEK3TV7rgJiKxrTW8
Submit your issues: https://github.com/ICCD-‐MiBACT/ArCo/issues
Join
ArCo’s google group:

ArCo 4 Science:
Archeological cultural property
towards a model for pluristratification
Fiorela Ciroku
Università di Bologna
fiorela.ciroku2@unibo.it

Objectives of the project
• Extend ArCo with Archeological research data
• Collect and integrate relevant data in the Archaeology domain
including and beyond cataloguing information.
• Create of an ontology that favorizes the emergence of
new discoveries in science, by:
• Indicating new hypothesis
• Creating new methodologies in Humanities

Archaeology as part of the Cultural Heritage
Archaeological
Sites
Stratigraphic
records
Archaeological
complexes

Table
of
archaeological
materialsNumismatic
properties

Archaeological
monuments
Archaeological
finds
Anthropological
remains
[1]

Preliminary results
A
community
of

domain
experts
Snippets
of
real

data

Extensions

Extension data
• Represent of the data from
the Digital Terrain Model.
• A Digital Terrain Model is a
mathematical representation
(model) of the ground
surface.
[2]

Extension data cont.
• Representation of the data
from the Harrix Matrix.

Preliminary results
• We have identified key concepts in the archaeological
domain that will be developed as modules.
• Identified concepts: Paleosuolo(paleosoil), Unita
Stratigrafica (Stratigraphic unit), Trincea (Trench),
Elemento morfologico (Morphological element), Sezioni
(Section), Topografia(Topography), etc.

Future steps
• Complete the description of all the concepts in the
archaeological domain.
• Identify possible extentions of the representation of the
data in the ICCD catalogue and later on in ArCo.
• Identify existing patterns in ArCo that can be reused for
the archaeological domain.

References 1/3
[1] ICCD - Cataloguing of archaeological heritage, retrieved from
http://www.iccd.beniculturali.it/internationaltrainingprojects/pdf/materiali/2.1_Catalo
guing_of_archaeological_heritage_an_overview.pdf
[2] Juliane Krenz, Nikolaus J. Kuhn, Chapter 8 - Assessing Badland Sediment
Sources Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, 2018, pages 255-276, ISBN
9780128130544.
[3] About the Harrix Matrix, Edward C. Harris, retrieved from
http://harrismatrix.com/.
[4] Harris matrix, Wikipedia, retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_matrix.
[5] Stratigrafia (geology), Wikipedia, retrieved from
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigrafia_(geologia)

References 2/3
14
Carriero, V. A., Gangemi, A., Mancinelli, M. L., Nuzzolese, A. G., Presutti, V., & Veninata, C. (2020):
Pattern-based design applied to cultural heritage knowledge graphs. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.07585
Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Chiara Veninata: ArCo: The Italian Cultural Heritage Knowledge Graph.
ISWC (2) 2019: 36-52
Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Chiara Veninata: ArCo ontology network and LOD on Italian Cultural
Heritage. ODOCH@CAiSE 2019: 97-102
Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti:
An Ontology Design Pattern for Representing Recurrent Events. WOP@ISWC 2019: 59-70
Valentina Anita Carriero, Fabio Mariani, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina Pasqual, Valentina
Presutti: Agile Knowledge Graph Testing with TESTaLOD. ISWC Satellites 2019: 221-224

References 3/3
15
Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Maria Letizia Mancinelli, Andrea Giovanni
Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Chiara Veninata: Pattern-based design applied to cultural heritage
knowledge graphs. CoRR abs/1911.07585 (2019)
Pascal Hitzler, Aldo Gangemi, Krzysztof Janowicz, Adila Alfa Krisnadhi, Valentina Presutti:
Towards a Simple but Useful Ontology Design Pattern Representation
Language. WOP@ISWC 2017
Valentina Presutti, Giorgia Lodi, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Aldo Gangemi, Silvio Peroni, Luigi
Asprino: The Role of Ontology Design Patterns in Linked Data Projects. ER 2016: 113-121
Eva Blomqvist, Valentina Presutti, Enrico Daga, Aldo Gangemi: Experimenting with eXtreme
Design. EKAW 2010: 120-134
Valentina Presutti, Enrico Daga, Aldo Gangemi, Eva Blomqvist: eXtreme Design with Content
Ontology Design Patterns. WOP 2009

Arco4Science
Inside Leonardo’s Mind
Mattia Spadoni
University of Bologna

Objectives:
Leonardo’s mind project aims to using interpretations of art
historians about the Last Supper to:
- Find links and connections among paintings and related to the
Last Supper. Represent these relations in the Arco knowledge
graph.
- Add more data to Arco.
- Trying to visualise these data in a 3D environment.

Domenico Ghirlandaio, Cenacolo di San Marco, Museo Nazionale di San Marco, Florence,
1480

Data provenance
•Theoretical framework: papers, books, monographs by art
historians.
•«physical» data: Arco knoledge graph and cultural istitutions.

Competency questions
Based on my researches I identified some competency questions
as base to query Arco and extend the knowledge graph. Some
examples:
•which work influenced Last Supper?
•Are there preparatory works of Last Supper?
•Did Last Supper influence other paintings?
•How does the author represent meanings in the work?

Expected results:
Knowledge graph side
•Create an extension of Arco
Ontology based on the
identified questions.
•Having new data inside the
knowledge graph
Visualisation side:
•An MVP (minimum viable
product) to test the
visualisation of semantic
elements in a 3D
environment.

Some bibliography:
• Valentina Anita Carriero, Aldo Gangemi, Maria Letizia Mancinelli, Ludovica Marinucci,
Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Chiara Veninata: ArCo: The Italian
Cultural Heritage Knowledge Graph. ISWC (2) 2019: 36-52
• Reflections on Leonardo's "Last Supper" Author(s): Joseph Polzer, Source: Artibus et
Historiae, Vol. 32, No. 63 (2011), pp. 9-37, Stable URL:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/414797357
• Leonardo da Vinci: A Review Author(s): Kim H. Veltman Source: Leonardo, Vol. 41, No. 4
(2008), pp. 381-388 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20206632
• https://unity.com/
• https://learn.unity.com/course/unity-c-survival-guide
• Use case of Unity for Cultural Heritage: CNR – A Night in the Forum:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9AvCQexNbrU

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