Anti psychiatry is like feedback for psychiatry that motivate for continue improvement in psychiatry. Everyone knows what is psychiatry, here is what is anti psychiatry. It helps to keep treatment standard and inward facilities up. Mainly opposing restrain against patients denial for treatment.

1. DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY
Chairperson Dr SURESH GOCHER SIR
Moderator DR DILEEP VERMA SIR
Presentor DR ARCHANA AGARWAL

2.  Coined by Johann Christian Reil
German physician and
anatomist in 1808
 Greek word
 PSYCHE : Mind/soul/butterfly
 IATRY : To treat

3.  Coined by David Cooper (1967) in his
book “PSYCHIATRY AND
ANTIPSYCHIATRY”
 Antipsychiatry : A construct, which
resisted the basic concept and practice
of psychiatry
 Part of counterculture or
antiestablishment movement (1960)

4.  Social and political movement that challenged :
 Legal privilege of psychiatry to detain & treat the
mentally ill against their will
 Labeling the mentally ill person as deviant or outcast
 Use of psychopharmacology
Grew with help of mass media, activist organization &
professional bodies
Organized as a group of scholarly psychoanalysts &
sociologist who believed the biological psychiatry is
causing abuses in the name of science

5. 19TH CENTURY
• Mentally disturbed people were considered
wild animals
• Confinement in Madhouses
• Use of coercive & dominating techniques
• Policies lead to inflation of power of
physician in relation to patient
• Exponential rise in number of asylums &
involuntary confinement
• Medical personnel : Masters of madness

6.  Dr Samuel Cartwright : DREPTOMANIA
(1851)
 A diagnosis for why slaves ran away from their
masters
 Later on abolished
 The Alleged Lunatics’ Friend Society arose
in England in the mid 19th century to
challenge the system & campaign for rights &
reforms
 In the US, Elizabeth Packard (1868)
published a series of books & pamphlets
describing her experiences in the Illinois
insane asylum to which her husband had had
her committed

7. 20th CENTURY
 Introduction & widespread use of
controversial medical practices
including inducing seizures (by
Electroshock, Insulin Coma
Therapy ) or cutting parts of the
brain apart ( Leucotomy or
Lobotomy ) in 1930s
 In 1950s, introduction of
Chlorpromazine with various side
effects
 Opposition of psychiatry by a
Right Wing anti mental health
movement seeing it as Left Wing,
Anti-American or Pro-
Communist

8. Germany :
- Medicalization of social prolems : Systemic
euthanasia of people in mental institutes in 1930s
- Neuremberg trials : Convicted psychiatrists who
held key positions in Nazi regime
Soviet Union :
 Political misuse of psychiatry: Isolation of political
prisoners from the rest of society
 Term SLUGGISH SCHIZOPHRENIA : 1960s, Soviet
psychiatrist Andrei Snezhnevsky

9. 1. Locking up & abusing mentally ill patients in
asylums
2. Deteriorating conditions of asylums were blamed on
psychiatry
3. Medicalizing Madness
4. Use of physical & chemical restraints
5. Use of ECT & Lobotomies
6. Adverse effects of antipsychotics medications
7. Arbitrariness of Psychiatric diagnosis
8. Criticism of psychoactive drugs allegedly used on
children

10.  Science fiction writer
 Founder of The Church of Scientology
(1950)
-Goal: Eradicating psychiatry from the
face of this earth
 Dianetics : The modern science of
mental health
 In 1969, the Citizen Commission of
Human Rights (CCHR) was founded by
Scientology to expose the evils of
psychiatry
 Undesirable impact : Lisa McPherson,
died in 1995, brought dead to hospital
with significant weight loss, bruises &
bug bites, having been put on
“introspection rundown” to handle a
psychotic break

11.  THE DIVIDED SELF : An existential study
in sanity & madness (1960)
 Proposed that behavior of a psychotic could
be :
1. Either a sign of disease or
2. Behavior expressive of person’s existence
 Schizophrenia : Not a disease but a
personal fight for freedom, could be cured
through Social Remediation
 Schizophrenia is a gifted & creative state of
consciousness that took over sanity &
could produce superior human beings

12. Founded Philadelphia
Association (1965) along with
David Cooper
 20 therapeutic communities in
England including Kingsley Hall
 Patients assumed equal status as
staff
 Medication was a choice
(Voluntary Medication)
Psychiatrosis : New type of
mental disorder in psychiatrists

13.  Canada born American Sociologist
 Asylums : Essays on the Social Situation
of Mental Patients & Other Inmates
(1961) : Observations he made during
fellowship in 1955-1956 at the National
Institute of Mental Health in field work at
St. Elizabeths, an institute that , at that time,
had over 6000 patients
 No such things as mental illness, pretention
of professionals to treat it was nothing more
than a shameless power grab
 Mental hospitals : Total institution, Brain
washing machines responsible for
Infantilizing patients & restricting their
freedom

14.  MADNESS & CIVILISATION (1965)
 Social context of mental illness driven
by external & cultural interests
 Psychiatry had become A third Order
of Repression: a jurisdiction (legal
power) without appeal in addition to
police & court

15.  South African Britain based
psychiatrist
 Coined the term Antipsychiatry 1967
 Mental illness : Product of influence
of oppressive society over an
individual
 Believed that madness & psychosis
are the manifestation of disparity
between one’s own true identity & our
social identity

16.  American psychoanalyst
 Social critic of moral & scientific foundations
of psychiatry
 Schizophrenia : No brain lesion, classified as
disease to gain power
 Psychiatry – State Collusion : State legitimized
the coercive practices to exclude non
conformists
- State & Psychiatry should be separate from
each other
 Defender of Radical Individualism
 The Myth of Mental Illness (1960)
 The Manufacture of Madness (1970)

17.  Libertarian Party (1971) : Platform to halt
government’s Psychiatry Mind Control operations
 Views about psychiatry : “whereas in modern
medicine, new diseases were discovered, In modern
psychiatry they were invented”
 Coined term : Pharmacracy
 Objected to being called anti psychiatrist & overtly
critical of antipsychiatrists such as Laing & Cooper,
regarding them as “wooly minded & misguided
socialists”

18.  In 1969, collaborated with Scientology to form the
Citizens Commission on Human Rights
 Mental disorders should be explained in terms of the
“acting out” of family & religious games, & ethics &
morals might better substitute for psychitry
 Coercive psychiatry treatment causes exacerbation of
patient’s symptomatology & their infantilization
 Still active & disseminating his views though slightly
modifying with some acceptance of biological concept

19.  Italian Psychiatrist & Neurologist
 Founder of Psychiatria Democratica (1974)
: association with anti institutional idea
 Italian National Reform Bill, 1978 :
- Banned all asylums & compulsory admissions
- Established community hospital psychiatry
units (15 beds)
 Democratic Psychiatry Movement
 Compared mentally ill to poor & condemned :
all victims of the selfish society
 Actual treatment : when patient gain insight
into their exclusion from society & learn to
refuse it

20.  Led by “survivors” of psychiatry in England
 With the World Network of Users & Survivors of
Psychiatry (WNUSP) being at forefront of the
movement
 Deny the reality of mental illness & criticize the lack of
sensitivity on the parts of psychiatrists, but the
movement has led to bridging the gap between
psychiatrists & users of their services in some parts of
world, & can further help the process globally

22.  D L Rosenhan (1929-2012)
 Psychologist at Stanford University
 Conducted Rosenhan Experiment or Thud
Experiment to determine validity of psychiatric
diagnosis
 Published a study in Science journal (1973) – “On
being Sane in Insane Places”
 Highlighted danger of dehumanization & labeling in
psychiatric institutions
 Suggested use of community approach concentrating
on specific problems & behavior rather then giving
psychiatric labels

23.  In 1970, Antipsychiatrists
joined hands with gay
activists to form human
chain to disrupt 124th annual
meeting of APA
 In 1971, War of psychiatry
was declared for its
classification of
homosexuality as disorder
 In 1973, deleted
homosexuality as a mental
disease by a vote of 58%

25.  Founder of the “National Committee
for Mental Hygiene (1909)”
 1900 – Confined to a private mental
institution for depression & paranoia
 Experienced & witness serious
maltreatment at the hands of the staff
 A Mind That Found Itself (1908) :
- Autobiographical account
- Hospitalization & Abuses
- Bestseller, still in print

26.  Novel
 Oregon psychiatry hospital
 A study of institutional processes &
the human mind as well as a
critique on behavior control
 A tribute to individualistic
principles
 1975 movie : Won 5 Academy award

27.  Postmodern era of medicine
1. Concern about values as well as evidence
2. Preoccupation with risk rather than benefits
3. Rise of the well informed patient
 Postpsychiatry : Beyond Antipsychiatry and
Psychiatry
 Democratize mental health by linking progressive
service development to a debate about contests,
values & partnerships to enrich concept & practice of
psychiatry for human welfare

28.  Practice of psychiatry focusing on Positive
Psychosocial Characteristics (PPC) : Resilience/
optimism/social engagement/low level of perceived
stress/ successful psychological ageing/personal
mastery & coping self efficacy/ spirituality
 PPCs are addressed to lesser extend in psychiatric
textbooks & empirical reports
 Omission might have hindered psychiatry’s ability to
effect the positive change in patient’s lives

29.  Began to decline in early 1980s, currently run by patients or
expatients
 Biopsychosocial model reduced gap between analytical
& biological practitioners
 Neurotransmitter discoveries & Twin Registries :
schizophrenia is partly biological based
 ECT & psychosurgery have become marginalized as
treatments with effective psychopharmcotherapy available
 Forced confinement came under judicial scrutiny in
different parts of the world
 Loss of support by leftist oriented movements of the
counterculture era

30.  Antipsychiatry in miniature form has been present since
the time unknown & likely to persist in future as well.
 The fear, stigma, denial of mental illness & the mentally ill
prevalent in the society itself a part of antipsychiatry
 Prevalent from general public to the psychiatrists
themselves
 Antipsychiatry movement is a loose association of
diverse groups of people with ideology based on
politicized & reductionist understanding of
psychiatry; mostly in clear opposition to all
fundamentals of psychiatry & arose as the Zeitgeist of
1960s & 1970s epitomized by rebellion against the
system.

31.  The best antidote for antipsychiatry allegations is a
combination of personal integrity, scientific progress,
& sound evidence based clinical care
 Antipsychiatry is a demostration of pschiatry’s
richness & complexity
 Imperative to know psychiatry for what to practice &
equally important to know Antipsychiatry for what not
to practice
 Helped indirectly in the growth of psychiatry itself

32.  Desai, Nimesh G.. Antipsychiatry: Meeting the
challenge. Indian journal of Psychiatry(2005)
 Cooper D. Psychiatry and anti-psychiatry. London:
Tavistock Publications; 1967
 Berlim MT, Fleck MP, Shorter E. Notes on
antipsychiatry.European archives of psychiatry and
clinical neuroscience.2003
 Rissmiller DJ, Rissmiller JH. Open forum: evolution of
the antipsychiatry movement into mental health
consumerism. Psychiatric services. 2006

33.  Crossley N. RD Laing and the British anti-psychiatry
movement: a socio-historical analysis. Social science &
medicine. 1998
 Willoughby CD. Running Away from Drapetomania:
SamuelA. Cartwright, Medicine, and Race in the
Antebellum South.Journal of Southern History. 2018
 Foucault M. Madness and Civilization: A History of
Insanityin the Age of Reason. New York: Random House;
1965
 Laing R. The Divided Self: An existential study in sanity
and madness. London: Penguin Books; 1960
 Szasz TS. The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of
theTheory of Personal Conduct. New York: Hoeber-
Harper; 1961
 Rosenhan DL. On being sane in insane places.
Science.1973