Module 1- Engl 152 Sentence and Paragraph Structure revised (5).pptx

Module 1: The
Sentence and
the Paragraph
Structure
ENGS 152
Fundamentals of Speaking,
Reading, and Writing English I

Description
In this module you will
review how to write
complete sentences. You will
also review English
grammar and sentence
construction: subjects, verbs,
and objects.

Competencies
Communication
Understand, interpret,
and express ideas
coherently and
correctly in writing.

Objectives
After completing Module
1, students will:
• identify four types of sentences
• identify the parts of the
sentence
• distinguish sentences from
fragments
• practice subject-verb
agreement
• practice subject-verb
agreement and irregular verbs
• practice sentences using there
+ be

Defining a Sentence
A sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, typically
containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement,
question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main
clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
Oxford Dictionary

Types of Sentences
There are four types of sentences.
A declarative makes a declaration or statement; it tells something.
Example: My daughter likes to play the guitar.
An interrogative sentence asks a question and has a special word order.
Example: Does your daughter like to play the guitar?
DECLARATIVE
INTERROGATIVE

Types of Sentences
An imperative sentence gives an instruction or makes a demand or request. When it is a
direct order it may end with an exclamation mark and has the implied subject YOU.
Example: Stop! Wait for me! Give me that!
An exclamatory sentence shows a strong reaction or feeling such as curiosity, surprise,
happiness, discontent, fury. It has a special word order and ends with an exclamation mark.
Example: That’s great! Ouch! That’s terrible!
IMPERATIVE
EXCLAMATORY

Types of Sentences
Example of sentences in English:
• Daniel likes college basketball and football.
• The weather in Washington was very cold last winter.
• Where were you born?
• Come here, please.
• Carla and Patricia are identical twins.
• Wait a minute!
• My father’s grandmother, who had six kids, died this year.
• Watch out!

The Parts of a Sentence
A sentence expresses a complete thought and contains a:
• subject (what the sentence is about)
• predicate (what is said about the subject)
Examples:
You speak English and Spanish excellently.
Subject Predicate
José and Luisa speak English to their children.
Subject Predicate
I like jazz and classical music.
Subject Predicate

Note: The predicate always contains a verb and sometimes it is only a verb.
Smoke rises.
Subject Predicate
There is only one exception to this -the imperative (when someone gives a command)
which does not usually use a subject. It is obvious that the subject is YOU.
Stop!
Predicate
Look out!
Predicate

Sentences:
• always begin with a capital letter.
• may end with a period (.), a question mark (?), or an exclamation
mark (!).
• must have at least one main clause.
• Each main clause has an independent subject and verb and
expresses a complete thought.

Grammar and Sentence Structure:
Verb Tenses
In English, the simple present tense is often called the “no time
tense” because it is used to explain something that is true, or
something done habitually or routinely. For example, something that
is generally accepted as a fact.
Notice the verbs in these sentences from the paragraph, Chile and
Brazil:
• These two countries (they) also differ in population.
• The majority of people (they) in Chile speak Spanish

Grammar and Sentence
Structure:
Verb Tenses
• Verb Tense: The Simple Present changes
according to the pronoun (he, she, it, they, we,
you) that is used.
Singular Plural
1st
Person
I speak We
speak
Italian.
2nd
Person
You speak You
speak
Italian.
3rd
Person
He/she/it
speaks
(The
man/Susan)
They
speak
Italian.

Simple Present Tense
• Watch the following YouTube video on the Simple Present Tense:
Retrieved from https://youtu.be/AnrvGwUNdHA
• Please read the following pdf on the Simple Verb Tense:
• National Geographic Learning (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://ngl.cengage.com/assets/downloads/grex_pro0000000538/g
rex1_su3.pdf

Grammar and Sentence Construction:
Subjects, Verbs, and Objects
Every sentence has a subject and verb in English.
The subject is the person or thing that performs the action and it
comes before the verb.
Example:
Lucas Rivera plays the piano.
He practices the piano everyday.
Lucas likes classical music a lot.
He goes to piano class every Saturday.

Every sentence has a subject and verb in English.
The verb is usually the action word in the sentence and comes after
the subject.
Example:
Lucas Rivera plays the piano.
He practices the piano everyday.
Lucas likes classical music a lot.
He goes to piano class every Saturday.

A sentence without a subject, verb, or a complete thought is called a
fragment.
• Joe is my friend. Works at a restaurant in Caguas.
• María and Franco are best friends. Study at the university.
• Joe is my friend. He works at a restaurant in Caguas.
• María and Franco are best friends. They study at the university.

Subject-Verb Agreement
In a sentence the subject must agree with its verb. Use the singular verb form if the
subject is singular and the plural form of the verb if the subject is plural.
Subject-Verb Agreement in the Present Tense
If the subject is a singular noun, the agreeing verb must end in –s or -es
• Alice dances every Saturday.
• My father reads the newspaper early every morning.
• He eats healthy foods and fruits.
If the subject is a plural noun, the agreeing verb does not change.
• Alice and Diana dance every Saturday.
• My parents read the newspaper early every morning.
• They eat healthy foods and fruits.
If the subject is the pronoun I or you, the agreeing verb does not change.
• I dance every Saturday.
• You eat healthy foods and fruits.

Subject-Verb
Agreement and
Irregular Verbs
With irregular verbs sometimes subject-verb
agreement is confusing. When irregular verbs
change tense, they change forms. Regular
verbs that change from the present to the past
tense require an addition of –ed: play
changes to played. However, the irregular
verbs have changes depending on the subject.
Example: The verb be has five main forms
(am, is, are, was, were)
Singular
Subject
Present
Tense
Singular
Subject
Past Tense
Plural
Subject
Present
Tense
Plural
Subject
Past
Tense
I am I was We are We were
You are You were You are You were
He is
She is
It is
He was
She was
It was
They are They
were

Sentences with There+Be
In English, when we want to say that something exists, we use the
following sentence structure:
• There is a wallet on the desk.
• There are thirty students enrolled in the Spanish course.
• There was a meeting yesterday afternoon.
• There were many new students at the university this semester.

Capitalization and Punctuation
Sentences in paragraphs begin with a capital letter. The names of countries,
geographical areas, nationalities, and proper nouns are capitalized.
Declarative sentences end in a period.
The following sentences have been capitalized correctly along with end
punctuation:
1. the geography of the country of turkey is unique (Inc
The geography of the country of Turkey is unique.
2. the asian part is much larger than the european part
The Asian part is much larger than the European part.
3. turkey has coasts on the mediterranean sea and the black sea
Turkey has coasts on the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.
4. the eight countries that shate a border with turkey are armenia, azerbaijan,
bulgaria, georgia, greece, iran, iraq, and syria
The eight countries that share a border with Turkey are Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, and Syria.

Closing Activity: The Sentence
Review
1. Clear sentences are the basic building blocks of good paragraphs and
essays.
2. Sentences in English always:
• begin with a capital letter
• end with a period (.), question mark (?), or exclamation point (!)
• have a subject and a verb
3. In a sentence the subject must agree with its verb.
4. A sentence without a subject, verb, or complete sentence is called a
fragment.
5. When we want to say something exists, we use: there is, there are, there
was, there were
*Remember that as you write, you can always return to look at the
material again.

Congratulations! You have completed the first part of
Module1: The Sentence Structure.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

Paragraph Structure:
Description
In the second part of Module 1, you will study the four features of
the paragraph, simple verb tenses, and writing mechanics. You will
also identify and analyze main ideas, supporting details, and
conclusions in readings.

Competencies
Communication
• Understand, interpret, and express
ideas coherently and correctly in
paragraphs.
Critical Thinking
• Analyze different parts (topic sentence,
supporting details, conclusion) of
paragraphs

Objectives
Upon the completion of this part of Module 1, students will:
• identify the four features of the paragraph: indentation, topic
sentence with the main idea, relevant sentences to the topic,
and concluding sentence.
• use simple verb tenses.
• practice capitalization and punctuation.
• analyze main ideas, supporting details, and conclusions in
readings.

What is a Paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of sentences about one topic or idea. In
order for a paragraph to be effective, it must begin with a topic
sentence, have sentences that support the main idea of that
paragraph, and maintain a consistent flow.
Letter word sentence PARAGRAPH essay
Access the following YouTube video through the following link
to review the paragraph structure:
What is a Paragraph? https://youtu.be/JQRoAiVyR0k

Developing a Paragraph
A topic sentence may be developed by:
Click on the following link to access the Power Point Presentation on
The Paragraph:
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/ppt/paragraph.pps
giving details giving examples telling an incident

Four Features of the Paragraph
1. The first line of a paragraph is indented.
2. A paragraph has a topic sentence that states the main idea.
3. All the sentences in a paragraph are about one topic.
4. The last sentence, or concluding sentence usually states the
main point again or summarizes the main idea of the paragraph.

Access the
following
YouTube videos
through the
following links:
• https://youtu.be/
NLzKqujmdGk
• https://youtu.be/
mHX54ERt0fk
• Let’s review the
paragraph structure!

Parts of the Paragraph:
Indentation
The first line of a paragraph should always be indented about six spaces or
the first tab on a keyboard. This space before the first sentence is called
indentation.
Example of indentation in a paragraph:
_____Through the centuries, rats have managed to survive all our efforts to
destroy them. We have poisoned them and trapped them. We have
fumigated, flooded , and burned them. We have tried germ warfare. Some
rats even survived atomic bomb tests conducted after World War II. In spite
of all our efforts, these enemies of ours continue to prove that they are the
most indestructible of pests.

Parts of the Paragraph: Topic
Sentence
A topic sentence expresses a complete thought and is stated in one sentence.
The topic sentence is usually located at the beginning and is the foundation
for the paragraph. This is the topic sentence.
Indestructible Pests
Through the centuries, rats have managed to survive all our efforts to
destroy them. We have poisoned them and trapped them. We have
fumigated, flooded , and burned them. We have tried germ warfare. Some
rats even survived atomic bomb tests conducted after World War II. In spite
of all our efforts, these enemies of ours continue to prove that they are the
most indestructible of pests.

Sample Topic Sentences
Examples of Topic
Sentences:
• Chile and Brazil are two important countries in South
America.
Chile and Brazil
• An egg salad sandwich is one of the easiest and most
delicious foods to prepare.
An Easy Sandwich
• Although my first flight on a plane was many years ago, I
can still remember how afraid I was on that day.
An Easy Flight
• eBook readers are excellent devices for students.
eBook Readers

Watch the following YouTube
videos about Topic Sentences:
https://youtu.be/EEkVH9Z4dIU
https://youtu.be/L1J9ZPVydrc

Developing the Main Idea of the
Paragraph: Supporting Sentences
The rest of the paragraph consists of sentences that develop or explain
the main idea (supporting sentences). There are no unrelated or extra
sentences. All of the other information in the paragraph must be
connected to the controlling idea in the topic sentence.
• Through the centuries, rats have managed to survive all our efforts to destroy them. We
have poisoned them and trapped them. We have fumigated, flooded , and burned them.
We have tried germ warfare. Some rats even survived atomic bomb tests conducted
after World War II. In spite of all our efforts, these enemies of ours continue to prove
that they are the most indestructible of pests.

Example of Supporting
Sentences
Chile and Brazil
Chile and Brazil are two important countries in South America. Although they are
near each other, they are very different in geography, population, and language. The easiest
difference to see is in geography. Brazil is the largest nation in South America and takes up
almost half of the entire South American continent. Brazil is so large that it shares a border
with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. In contrast, Chile is a very
narrow country along the Pacific coast of South America. The widest point in this long
country is only 160 miles (258 kilometers). These two countries also differ in population.
Brazil is home to almost 200 million people, but only about 17 million live in Chile.
Finally, these two countries differ in national languages. Like most countries in South
America, the majority of people in Chile speak Spanish. In Brazil, however, the most
commonly known language is Portuguese because the Portuguese settled in Brazil in 1500.
These three differences make these countries extremely interesting.

The Concluding Sentence
The last sentence usually states the main point again or summarizes
the main idea of the paragraph. Often a key word or phrase from the
topic sentence appears in the concluding sentence. In addition, it can
offer a suggestion, an opinion, or a prediction.
Through the centuries, rats have managed to survive all our
efforts to destroy them. We have poisoned them and trapped them.
We have fumigated, flooded , and burned them. We have tried germ
warfare. Some rats even survived atomic bomb tests conducted
after World War II. In spite of all our efforts, these enemies of ours
continue to prove that they are the most indestructible of pests.

Example of Concluding Sentence
Chile and Brazil
Chile and Brazil are two important countries in South America. Although they are near
each other, they are very different in geography, population, and language. The easiest
difference to see is in geography. Brazil is the largest nation in South America and takes up
almost half of the entire South American continent. Brazil is so large that it shares a border with
every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. In contrast, Chile is a very narrow
country along the Pacific coast of South America. The widest point in this long country is only
160 miles (258 kilometers). These two countries also differ in population. Brazil is home to
almost 200 million people, but only about 17 million live in Chile. Finally, these two countries
differ in national languages. Like most countries in South America, the majority of people in
Chile speak Spanish. In Brazil, however, the most commonly known language is Portuguese
because the Portuguese settled in Brazil in 1500. These three differences make these countries
extremely interesting.

Review
A paragraph is a group of sentences about one topic or idea. A
paragraph has:
1. Topic sentence
2. Supporting sentences
3. Concluding sentence
The four features of the paragraph are:
1. First line is indented.
2. It has a topic sentence with the main idea.
3. All of the sentences relate to the topic.
4. The last sentence restates the main idea.

Activity 1.0-Discussion Board
Writing Task: Getting to Know You
I would like to know a little about you,
so please answer the following
questions in complete sentences.
Remember to carefully review Module 1
which provides exercises on writing
correct sentences in English.
• What is your name and where
are you from?
• Where do you study?
• What year are you in?
• What are you studying?
• What things do you like to do
during your free time?

Tasks/Assignments
Activity/Tasks 1.1. Provide correct capitalization and end
punctuation for the following sentences: (10pts)
1. on Sunday, I will see the movie, star wars and eat at chili’s.
2. she is from orlando, Florida.
3. Hurricane maria was formed in the atlantic ocean on the
route from Africa.
4. Mike and sylvia visited central park in new york.
5. The tallest mountain in the world is mount Everest.
6. People from Brazil are called brazilians and speak
portuguese.

Tasks/Assignments
Activity/Tasks 1.2
If the sentence has correct capitalization, choose(C) and (I) if it has incorrect capitalization. (10pts)
1. ___c__ Big Ben of London is a clock.
2. ___i__ I drove east to the city and turned north.
3. ___i__ My family supports the American cancer society.
4. ___c__ Yellowstone National Park is a great Park.
5. ___c__ I work for the New York Times.
6. ___i__ She is a republican and proud of it.
7. ___i__ The Emancipation proclamation was issued in 1862.
8. ___c__ Buddhists have been around a very long time.
9. ___i__ The Sidney Opera House is a gorgeous building.
10.__c__ The Bronze Age lasted for several thousand years.

Tasks/Assignments
Activity/Tasks 1.3
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions:
Reasons for Not Voting
Although voting is one of the main ways that people of a country
can participate in their future, some citizens choose not to vote. Some
people decide not to vote because they think that their one vote will
not matter. Other people do not vote because they are not interested in
politics. Another reason that some people choose not to vote is that
they do not know a lot about history and global issues. Finally, in
some elections, people choose not to vote because they do not like any
of the candidates in the election. People’s reasons for not voting vary
considerably.

Tasks/Assignments
Activity/Tasks 1.3 (10pts)
1. After reading the paragraph titled: Reasons for not Voting, indicate what is its topic
sentence (main subject and controlling idea)
__________________________________________________________
2. In the paragraph, one sentence is not directly related to the topic. Write the sentence that
is not related to the topic.
___________________________________________________________
3. Mention the three reasons why many people do not vote.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

References
• Folse, K.S., Muchmore-Vokoun, A., Vestri Solomon, E.
(2014). Great Writing 2: Great Paragraphs. (4th ed.).
National Geographic Learning/Cengage Learning: Boston,
MA.
• ---. (2005). Great Sentences for Great Paragraphs. (2nd ed.)
Houghton Mifflin Co.: Boston, MA.

You tube video
• What is a Sentence? Grammar Monster. Retrieved from
• http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/sentences.htm
• Sentence Fragments. (Nov. 15, 2002). Retrieved from
• https://youtu.be/r-Wcr4Wgf7U
• How To: Fragments or Complete Sentences. (Feb. 1, 2017).
• Retrieved from https://youtu.be/cWp79M9ewWY
• How to Write Complete Sentences. (May 1, 2014). Retrieved from
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ8faQgi6UE
• Howcast.com (May 1, 2014). How to Write a Complete Sentence.
• Retrieved from
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ8faQgi6UE
•

Electronic References
The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved
from
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/fragments-and-run-ons/
Brawdy, Sarah. (2014, August 18). 4 Types of Sentences. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/pf9LWnnADzw
Aboutyourenglish.com. (2010, August 29). Parts of the Sentence. Retrieved
from
https://youtu.be/CRcApYRzoqE

Khan Academy. (2016, August 26). Recognizing Sentence
Fragments. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/xpoZBnXHg3E
mmmEnglish. (2017, October 16). Subject-Verb Agreement:
Common Errors. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/LfJPA8GwTdk
Daily English. (2016, September 27). List of Irregular Verbs.
Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/a7InhLXLPfc
Espresso English. (2017, December 17). Irregular Verbs in English: Learn English Verbs.
Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/4zhFJlCAbGU

ESOL and English Teacher. (2017, April 9). Paragraphs Part 1: What is a
Paragraph? Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/JQRoAiVyR0k
Writing Tutorial Services. Paragraphs & Topic Sentences. Retrieved from
https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-
topicsentences.html
Murrillo, P. (2008, October 15). What is a Paragraph? Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/Prof_Pat_Muri/what-is-a-paragraph-
presentation

Smart English. (2012, November 15). Paragraph Structure. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/NLzKqujmdGk
Wilcox, B. (2017, September 12). Paragraphs: Parts of a Paragraph.
Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/mHX54ERt0fk
Avatar Institute of English. (2017, August 10). How to Write a Good
Paragraph. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1J9ZPVydrc&feature=youtu.be
Extra English Practice. (2017, June 5). Basic Grammar: Simple Present
Tense. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/AnrvGwUNdHA
Capital Community College. The Paragraph PPT. Retrieved from
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/ppt/paragraph.pps
National Geographic Learning (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://ngl.cengage.com/assets/downloads/grex_pro0000000538/grex1_su3.pdf

Module 1- Engl 152 Sentence and Paragraph Structure revised (5).pptx

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