The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops. It begins by defining genetic modification and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It then provides background on the development of GM crops, listing important dates and events from 1980 to present. It also lists some of the major GM crops grown globally including soybean, maize, cotton, canola, and sugar beet. The document then discusses the area of GM crops grown by country, with the US, Brazil, Argentina, India, and Canada among the top growers. It also outlines some of the traits that have been genetically modified in crops, including insect and virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and vitamin fortification. Finally, it describes the general process used to develop GM crops,

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GM CROP
1.INTRODUCTION
New technology can act as the driver of increasing resources and that can improve the human
living conditions endlessly. The reality of technological revolution shows that technology creates
the optimistic economic impacts in the society whereas new technology can push the
socioeconomic development with a rising rate. If we analyze the different technological age, for
instances,7000 years of agrarian age while demonstration is seen as the key element; 350 years
of industrial age when steam engine is considered as the core component; 50 years of
information age where electricity and micro-processor is the most important instrument; and 25
years of bio-tech age while genetics maybe the key governing matter of socioeconomic
development of farmers. This is because new technologies related to scientific knowledge and
that knowledge can be converted into products and processes for adjusting them to response in
socioeconomic conditions.
The different generation of agronomic bio-tech traits may possibly be improved the quality and
yield of crops. Adoption of GM crop technology has increased quickly since 1990. Total area of
GM crops has extended to 160 million hectares in 2011 from 1.7 million hectares in
1996.Applyingbiotechnologies as well as GMOs may perhaps provide opportunities for
improving the economy of developing countries and the wellbeing of the people offering
increased agricultural production, improved human health, and reduced environmental . This
paper critically discusses the opportunities and challenges of biotechnology as well as GMOs
relating to sustainable development in crop production on the basis of available relevant review
of literatures
GENETIC MODIFICATION : Genetic modification involves making changes to an
organism's genes to give it new traits that wouldn't occur in nature or to eliminate undesirable
traits. These changes can include turning off, or silencing, a gene or inserting a foreign gene into
an organism's genome, which is the complete set of genes present in an organism.
GMO : Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs) refer to plants and animals with an altered
genetic make-up that's been "edited" in the laboratory in order to incorporate genes from another
organism.There are several application field of GMO such as GMF(genetically modified
food),GMP(genetically modified plant),TRANSGENIC FISH etc.
GM CROP : Genetically modified crops ( GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture,
the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to
introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species.

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2. BACKGROUND OF GMO & GM CROP
1980 – First GMO Patent Issued
A 1980 court case between a genetics engineer at General Electric and the U.S. Patent Office is
settled by a 5-to-4 Supreme Court ruling, allowing for the first patent on a living organism. The
GMO in question is a bacterium with an appetite for crude oil, ready to gobble up spills.
1982 – FDA Approves First GMO
Humulin, insulin produced by genetically engineered E. coli bacteria, appears on the market.
1994 – GMO Hits Grocery Stores
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves the FlavrSavr tomato for sale on grocery store
shelves. The delayed-ripening tomato has a longer shelf life than conventional tomatoes.
1996 – GMO-Resistant Weeds
Weeds resistant to glyphosate, the herbicide used with many GMO crops, are detected in
Australia. Research shows that the super weeds are seven to 11 times more resistant to
glyphosate than the standard susceptible population.
1999 – GMO Food Crops Dominat
Over 100 million acres worldwide are planted with genetically engineered seeds. The
marketplace begins embracing GMO technology at an alarming rate.
2003 – GMO Resistant Pests
In 2003, a Bt-toxin-resistant caterpillar-cum-moth, Helicoverpazea, is found feasting on GMO Bt
cotton crops in the southern United States. In less than a decade, the bugs have adapted to the
genetically engineered toxin produced by the modified plants.
2011 – Bt Toxin in Humans
Research in eastern Quebec finds Bt toxins in the blood of pregnant women and shows evidence
that the toxin is passed to fetuses.

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2012 – Farmer Wins Court Battle
French farmer Paul Francois sues Monsanto for chemical poisoning he claims was caused by its
pesticide Lasso, part of the Roundup Ready line of products. Francois wins and sets a new
precedent for future cases.
2014–GMO-Patent-Expires
Monsanto’s patent on the Roundup Ready line of genetically engineered seeds will end in two
years. In 2009, Monsanto introduced Roundup 2 with a new patent set to make the first-
generation seed obsolete.
 GM crops were first planted commercially on a large scale in 1996, in the US, China,
Argentina, Canada, Australia, and Mexico Some countries have approved but not actually
cultivated GM crops, due to public uncertainty or further government restrictions, while
at the same time, they may import GM foods for consumption. For example, Japan is a
leading GM food importer, and permits but has not grown GM food crops. The European
Union regulates importation of GM foods, while individual member states determine
cultivation. In the US, separate regulatory agencies handle approval for cultivation
(USDA, EPA) and for human consumption (FDA).
 Two genetically modified crops have been approved for food use in some countries, but
have not obtained approval for cultivation. A GM Melon engineered for delayed
senescence was approved in 1999 and a herbicide tolerant GM wheat was approved in
2004.

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3.LIST OF GM CROP
OTHER MODIFIED TRAITS
GMO Use Trait
Canola Cooking Oil , Margarine Emulsifiers In
Packaged Foods
High Laurate Canola, Phytase
Production
Carnation Ornamental Delayed Senescence, Modified
Flower Colour
Maize Animal Feed , High-Fructose Corn Syrup ,
Corn Starch
Increased Lysine, Drought Tolerance
Papaya Food Virus Resistance
Petunia Ornamental Modified Flower Colour
Potato Food , Industrial Virus Resistance, Modified Starch
Rose Ornamental Modified Flower Colour
Squash Food Virus Resistance
Sugar
Cane
Food Drought Tolerance
Tobacco Cigarettes Nicotine Reduction
Herbicide Tolerance
GMO Use
Alfalfa Animal feed
Canola Cooking oil, Margarine
Emulsifiers in packaged
foods
Cotton Fiber
Cottonseed oil
Animal feed
Maize Animal Feed ,High-
Fructose , Corn Syrup
Corn Starch
Soybean Animal feed
Soybean oil
Sugar Beet Food
Insect resistance
GMO Use
Cotton Fiber
Cottonseed oil
Animal feed
Eggplant Food
Maize Animal Feed ,
High-Fructose Corn
Syrup,
Corn Starch
Poplar Tree

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4. AREA OF GM CROP GLOBALLY
Table 1 : Global Area Of Biotech Crops In 2011 By Country (million hectores)
RANK COUNTRY AREA
(Million
Hectors)
BIOTECH CROPS
1 Usa 69.O Maize,Soybean,Cotton,Canola,Sugarbeat,Alfalfa,P
apaya,Squash
2 Brasil 30.3 Soybean,Cotton,Maize
3 Argentina 23.7 Soybean,Cotton,Maize
4 India 10.6 Cotton
5 Canada 10.4 Canola,Maize,Soybean,Sugarbeat
6 China 3.9 Cotton,Papaya,Poplar,Tomato,Soybean
7 Paraguya 2.9 Soybea
8 Pakistan 2.6 Cotton
9 Uruguye 1.3 Soybean, Maize
10 South Africa 0.6 Soybean, Maize,Cotton
11 Bolivia 0.9 Soybean
12 Austrilia 0.7 Cotton,Canola
13 Philippaines 0.6 Maize
14 Mayanmar 0.3 Cotton
15 Chilie <0.1 Maize,Soybean,Canola
16 Colombia <0.1 Cotton
17 Portugal <0.1 Maize
18 Germany <0.1 Potato

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Figure 1: Schematically Global Area Of Biotech Crops In 2011 By
Country(million hectores)
 Traditionally, a plant breeder tries to exchange genes between two
plants to produce offspring thathave desired traits. This is done by
transferring the male (pollen) of one plant to the female organ
of another.This cross breeding, however, is limite d t o e xchanges
between the same or very closely related species. It can also take a
long time to achieve desired results and frequently, characteristics
of interest do not exist in any related species. GM technology enables
plant breeders to bring together in one plant useful genes from a
wide rangeof living sources, not just from within the crop species or from
closely related plants. This powerfultool allows plant breeders t o d o
faster what they have been doing for years–generate superior plant
varieties–although it expands the possibilities beyond the limits imposed by
conventional plantbreeding.

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5. CROP BIOTECHNOLOGY IN BANGLADESH
Agricultural biotechnology is one option that developing countries like Bangladesh are
considering to meet food needs, reduce poverty, and enhance environmental sustainability
through improved productivity.
 The Department of Botany in Dhaka University started a program on plant biotechnology
in the late 1970s with tissue culture of jute.
 Subsequently, other research institutes and universities such as the Rajshani University,
Chittagong University, Jahanirnagar University, Khulna University, Bangladesh
 Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Bangladesh
Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (BCSIR), and Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) also went
into tissue culture. They were in addition to non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
such as the Development of Biotechnology and Environmental Conservation Center
(DEBTECH) and Proshika. Plant tissue culture protocols on plant regeneration and
micropropagation have been developed on different crops, fruit trees, andvegetables and
are awaiting commercial use and approval
 A limited number of universities and research institutes are doing genetic engineering
research, mostly on genetic transformation of jute, pulses, and rice for salinity tolerance
and fungus resistance.
 DhakaUniversity, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Rajshahi University (RU),
Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI), BARI, BRRI, and BINA have started
genetic fingerprinting and genetic engineering research. Although facilities are limited,
the gene constructs are borrowed and shared with other laboratories from developed
countries as part of their collaborative research partnership.
 BRRI developed vitamin A-enriched Golden Rice by introgressing the provitamin A
genes from a selected GM rice line onto its leading variety BR29, in collaboration with
the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). BRRI received royalty free seeds in
2005 for cultivation in Bangladesh, and completed the second round trial of Golden Rice
in its contained facilities.
 BARI developed fruit and shoot borer resistant Bt brinjal using the Bangladeshi varieties
in collaboration with Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Co. Ltd. Biotech brinjal was subjected to
field trial on multi-locations for two years in different BARI research stations under
controlled conditions. The scientists’ forum and regulatory officials are convinced that it
will be released for commercialization in the near term. Bt brinjal will be tested jointly by
BARI and East-West Seeds Co. Ltd.
 The Hawaii University has shown interest for bilateral cooperation with Bangladesh in
providing papaya conferred with resistance against papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The
material transfer is under process and on receipt, BARI and East-West Seed Co. Ltd will
jointly evaluate the product under controlled field trial for subsequent commercial
release.

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6. AVAILABILITY OF GM CROP IN BANGLADESH
Inspired by the success of the country's first commercially released biotech crop -- Btbrinjal -- in
2013, Bangladesh is now field testing three more crops developed through applications of agro-
biotechnology.
These are:
 Late blight resistant potato,
 Bt cotton,
 Vitamin-A enriched Golden Rice.
6.1. LIMITATION
Although Bangladesh is one of poorest among the developing countries in Asia, yet for
biotechnology development it has great potentials. These potentials lie primarily in its rich fertile
agricultural land .
What is needed good variety of plant or a good stock of animal/poultry/fish, etc. which can be
developed through the modern biotechnological research. For this the country needs a good
infrastructure and a team of well trained manpower for doing research in the modern field of
biotechnology like genetic engineering, cell culture, cell fusion, protein engineering, enzyme
technology, etc. Bangladesh has also a good potential for the development of industrial
biotechnology based on agriculture. For this, small scale agricultural biotechnology may be
encouraged, which is most suited for the country.
6.2. CONSTRAINTS FOR CAPACITY BUILDING
The constraints for capacity building in biotechnology in Bangladesh may be summarised as follows:
 Capital incentiveness of biotechnology.
 Poor economic condition of the country.
 Lack of venture capital.
 Lack of political will.
 Lack of adequate trained manpower
 Lack of incentives for biotech researchers.
But having a strong political will, these constraints, however difficult they may appear to be, could be
easily overcome. Bangladesh Government is at present having a strong political will and is giving due
incentives for the development of biotechnology in the country. A National Institute of Biotechnology is
built up which will take its due shape in the near future.

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7. SOME GENETICALLY MODIFIED TRAIT :
 Pest Resistance (Example: Bt corn): The genome of Bt corn has been modified to
include a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which produces a protein
poisonous to the European corn borer, an insect that damages corn crops.
 Virus Resistance (Example: GM papaya): Developed at the University of Hawaii, the
genetically modified papaya is resistant to Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) a plant virus
 spread predominantly by aphids. The Rainbow papaya variety is produced by introducing
a protein from the PRSV into plant tissue, which confers resistance to the virus. This
method works in much the same way as human influenza virus vaccinations.
 Herbicide Tolerance (Example: Roundup Ready soybean): Glyphosate is an herbicide
widely used to kill weeds. Tolerance to the herbicide was genetically engineered into
agricultural crops, such as soybeans, allowing farmers to broadly spray their farms
without killing the crops.
Figure 2: Number of releases approved by APHIS by GE trait
 Fortification (Example: Golden rice): Engineered to include beta-carotene biosynthesis
genes, Golden rice was developed to address dietary vitamin A shortages in the
developing world. Rice does not usually produce betacarotene, a precursor of vitamin A,
in the edible portion of the
 grain. Research is currently being conducted on thebioavailability of the genetically
modified grain.
 Cosmetic Preservation (Example: Arctic Apple): Currently in the regulatory pipeline in
the U.S. and Canada, Arctic Apples are genetically engineered to silence the apple gene
responsible for browning due to superficial damage. The technology is being advertised
as cost-saving across the entire apple supply chain.

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8. PROCESS OF DEVELOPING GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
The main steps involved in the development of GM crops are:
Figure 3: Mechanism Of Genetically Modified Crops
1. Isolation of the gene(s) of interest: Existing knowledge about the structure, function or
location on chromosomes is used to identify the gene(s) that is responsible for the desired
trait in an organism, for example, drought tolerance or insect resistance.
2. Insertion of the gene(s) into a transfer vector: The most commonly used gene transfer
tool for plants is a circular molecule of DNA (plasmid) from the naturally occurring soil
bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens.The gene(s) of interest is inserted into the
plasmid using recombinant DNA (rDNA) techniques. For additional information see
Plasmids link.
3. Plant transformation: The modified A. tumefaciens cells containing the plasmid with
the new gene are mixed with plant cells or cut pieces of plants such as leaves or stems
(explants). Some of the cells take up a piece of the plasmid known as the T-DNA
(transferred-DNA). The A. tumefaciens inserts the desired genes into one of the plant’s
chromosomes to form GM (or transgenic) cells. The other most commonly used method

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to transfer DNA is particle bombardment (gene gun) where small particles coated with
DNA molecules are bombarded into the cell. For additional information see Plant
Transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Plant Transformation using
Particle Bombardment links.
4. Selection of the modified plant cells: After transformation, various methods are used to
differentiate between the modified plant cells and the great majority of cells that have not
incorporated the desired genes. Most often, selectable marker genes that confer antibiotic
or herbicide resistance are used to favor growth of the transformed cells relative to the
non-transformed cells. For this method, genes responsible for resistance are inserted into
the vector and transferred along with the gene(s) conferring desired traits to the plant
cells. When the cells are exposed to the antibiotic or herbicide, only the transformed cells
(containing and expressing the selectable marker gene) will survive. The transformed
cells are then regenerated to form whole plants using tissue culture methods.
5. Regeneration into whole plants via tissue culture involves placing the explants (plant
parts/cells) onto media containing nutrients that induce development of the cells into
various plant parts to form whole plantlets (Figure 1). Once the plantlets are rooted they
are transferred to pots and kept under controlled environmental conditions.
6. Verification of transformation and characterization of the inserted DNA fragment.
Verification of plant transformation involves demonstrating that the gene has been
inserted and is inherited normally. Tests are done to determine the number of copies
inserted, whether the copies are intact, and whether the insertion does not interfere with
other genes to cause unintended effects. Testing of gene expression (i.e., production of
messenger RNA and/or protein, evaluation of the trait of interest) is done to make sure
that the gene is functional.
7. Testing of plant performance is generally carried out first in the greenhouse or
screenhouse to determine whether the modified plant has the desired new trait and does
not have any new unwanted characteristics. Those that perform well are planted into the
field for further testing. In the field, the plants are first grown in confined field trials to
test whether the technology works (if the plants express the desired traits) in the open
environment. If the technology works then the plants are tested in multi-location field
trials to establish whether the crop performs well in different environmental conditions. If
the GM crop passes all the tests, it may then be considered for commercial production.
8. Safety assessment. Food and environmental safety assessment are carried out in
conjunction with testing of plant performance. Descriptions of safety testing are
described in the Food Safety Assessment and Environmental Safety Assessment links.

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Example:
Creating a Vitamin-Rich Tomato with a Carrot Gene
The bacterium Agrobacterium naturally infects plants. It carries some genes on a circular piece
of DNA called a plasmid and inserts those genes into plant cells. Scientists are now able to
remove thebacterium’s genes that cause plant disease and add a gene for a desirable trait.
Figure 4: Creating a Vitamin-Rich Tomato with a Carrot Gene
1) Scientists copy a carrot gene that converts a pigment to beta-carotene.
2) They insert the carrotgene into a plasmid.
3) The plasmid is reintroduced into theAgrobacterium.
4) The Agrobacterium transfers the carrot gene to the cells of tomato leaves in apetri dish.
5) The tomato cells grow and divide in a culture with hormones that encourage the cells to
become new shootsand roots.
6) As the tiny new plants grow, the carrot gene converts the tomato’s pigment into
betacarotene, creating anenhanced tomato.

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9. THE ADVANTAGES OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
1. Better For The Environment
Since GMOs require much less chemicals to thrive, the impact on the environment is lessened.
The pesticides and other chemicals commonly used on non GMO crops emit green house gases
and pollute the ground soil.
2. Resistance To Disease
One of the modifications made to the crops is an added resistance to disease that would normally
kill off the crops. This keeps the yields high and the prices for the consumers low.
3. Sustainability
GMOs provide a stable and efficient way to sustain enough crops to feed the ever growing
population of people in the world. This was the main goal of GMO crops in the first place.
4. Increased Flavor and Nutrition
Along with resistances to insects and disease, the genes of the crops can also be altered to have a
better flavor and increased nutritional value. This is good all around.
5. Longer Shelf Life
Genetically modified foods have a longer shelf life. This improves how long they last and stay
fresh during transportation and storage.
6. Keeps It Affordable
One of the biggest effects that the use of GMOs has had on our every day life is the prices of
produce and other foods. Since more crops can be yielded, the prices can be much lower.

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10. THE DISADVANTAGES OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
1. Cross Contamination
The pollen from the genetically modified plants is also contaminated. When this pollen is around
other plants, even things like grass or weeds, they cross pollinate. This could develop
“superweeds” that have the same resistance properties as the crops.
2. Allergies On The Rise
Ever since the introduction of GM Crop, the amount of childhood food allergies has risen
significantly. The exact link to GM Crop has not yet been found, but many believe this is due to
insufficient research in the area.
3. Less Effective Antibiotics
The crops that have been genetically modified have antibiotic properties put into them in order to
make them immune to certain diseases. When you eat these foods these properties are left in
your body and can make many antibiotics less effective.
4. Not Enough Testing
There has been very little testing and research done on genetically modified foods and the long
term effects have not been discovered yet. This makes many people feel uneasy at the high use of
these foods.
 There are also those risks that are neither caused nor preventable by the technology
itself. An example of this type of risk is the further widening of the economic gap
between developed countries (technology users) versus developing countries (nonusers).
These risks, however, can be managed by developing technologies tailor made for the
needs of the poor and by instituting measures so that the poor will have access to the new
technologies.

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11. CHALLENGES & AREA OF ACTION :
CHALLENGE 1: NEW DRIVING FORCES FOR GM PLANT INTRODUCTION
Altogether, more factors were identified that encourage rather than discouragethe introduction of
GM crops, in particular the increasing use of and demand for bioenergy and biomass. This is a
major difference to debates in the past. GM plants for non-food uses can be attractive to farmers.
Further, such productsmay also find more demand from consumers, or at least be less prone to
beavoided by sceptics as their GM origin is more obscure.
Area of action:The future of GM plants and food in world is not onlydetermined by negotiations
over regulatory details, it is also a question as towhich kind of sustainable agriculture will be
developed in world in the light ofdifferent, and sometimes conflicting, sustainability goals.
CHALLENGE 2: NOVEL GM PLANTS, TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS
Several classes of novel GM crops are currently under development. Theseinclude both crops for
food uses, for instance crops with improved nutritionalvalue, and crops for non-food uses such as
energy, plastics or pharmaceuticals.Novel GM plants, especially those for the non-food sector,
could pose regulatorychallenges. In the case of plant-made pharmaceuticals, different
approvalprocedures might have to be reconciled.
Area of action:As is true for every field of technology, research policy is animportant area of
action. Crop development may again come to the forefront ofpublic research. To make good use
of any money that becomes available in thiscontext, it would be necessary to assess not only the
technical performance ofnewly developed plants but also the chances of these plants to meet
societalgoals. Concerning GM regulation, non-food GM plants might render anongoing revision
of the regulatory framework necessary. This pertains toparameters for risk assessment and
management, confinement, coexistence andliability, as well as to the question of including
benefit evaluation.

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CHALLENGE 3: PUBLIC OPINION: STILL A DECISIVE FACTOR
Public attitudes are considered an important factor influencing both the use ofGM technology
and its development. Concerning future GM non-food products,a majority of experts expect
public attitudes to become more positive over thenext 10–15 years, while the level of acceptance
of GM food products willremain unchanged. Factors considered highly important for consumer
acceptance are free consumer choice and a high quality of information, as wellas consumer
benefits and the absence of risk issues related to health and theenvironment. Non-food GM
plants may, however, also give rise to specific environmental and health concerns. In addition,
expectations regarding thepopularity of biofuels may be overoptimistic considering that they will
becompeting with food. It, therefore, remains unclear whether and how the overallpublic
acceptance of GM plants will change.
Area of action:For the time being, there is little indication of an increase inoverall acceptance.
While it is possible that public perception will change as newconsumer-oriented GM products
become available, this cannot be taken forgranted. Since public attitudes are subject to the
influence of many factors,including ethical concerns, consumer protection policy is not the only
one ofrelevance. Meeting the expectations regarding the high quality of informationremains a
major challenge.
CHALLENGE 4: INTERNATIONAL TRADE RULES AND DOMESTICDECISION-
MAKING
The global increase in acreage covered by GM crops, pending international tradeconflicts, the
development of international regulations, and different approachesto risk assessment in various
countries have affected policy on GM plants.
Area of action:The recent WTO ( World Trade Organization )conflict highlights the need to
reconcile different international agreements in order not to thwart the aims of theseagreements.
Therefore, not only areas specific for GM organisms (GMOs) mightbe considered to be at stake,
but also the possible integration of environmentaland social standards into WTO regulations.
Many of the problems encounteredat the WTO level are said to have derived from different
interpretations by the members.

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12. CONCLUSION
GM (Genetically Modified) crop technology may possibly be helpful to increase productivity in
agriculture and in reducing seasonal fluctuations in agricultural productions against ever
increasing demand for food and other agricultural products, global climatic changes, scarcities in
natural resources etc. GM cropsmay reduce the environmental and health related problems by
reducing the use of chemical pesticidesand insecticides.Despite the current uncertainty over GM
crops, one thing remains clear. This technology, with its potential to create economically
important crop varieties, is simply too valuable to ignore. There are, however, some valid
concerns. If these issues are to be resolved, decisions must be based on credible, science-based
information. Finally, given the importance people place on the food they eat, policies regarding
GM crops will have to be based on an open and honest debate involving a wide cross-section of
society.There is no single bullet solution for solving all the problems of developing countries but
GMOs can contribute in the reduction of food scarcity and sustainable growth in agricultural
sector. For this reason, more public support is necessary for the development of biotechnologyas
well as GM crop technology all around the world. However, strong political decision is
necessary to opt for GMOs. Many countries e.g., India, USA, Brazil etc., have introduced GMOs
despite the criticisms against GMOs among the stakeholders. Hence, more and more scientific
investigations are necessary to achieve the significant trust from the general people and thus can
ensure the true facts of this technology in the path of sustainable development in crop
production.
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