Skeletal system information

1. ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts
Mr. Amit M. Belekar (M. Pharm)
Lecturer, KDCA’s Institute of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
The skeleton
Joints & Movements

2. Contents
• Definition of Joints
• Classification of joint
• Synovial joint & types
• Movements of body
joints & movements

3. Joint
Definition
• A joint / articulation is a point
of contact
• between two bones,
• between bone and cartilage
• or between bone and teeth

4. Joint
Functional Classification
Depending upon degree of movement
• Synarthrosis:
• immovable joint
• e.g. sutures
• Amphiarthrosis:
• slightly movable joint
• e.g. intervertebral joint.
• Diarthrosis:
• freely movable joints
• e.g. all synovial joints.

5. Joint
Structural Classification
Depending upon presence or absence of space (synovial cavity)
& type of connective tissue that binds bones
• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints

6. Joint
Fibrous Joints
No synovial cavity & bones held together by fibrous tissue
These are of three types as-
• Sutures
• thin layer of fibrous connective tissue.
• E.g. sutures present in skull.
• Syndemoses
• greater distance between articulating surfaces
• more fibrous connective tissue than in suture.
• Fibrous connective tissue is arranged
• as a bundle (ligament) or
• as a sheet (interosseous membrane)
• E.g. Distal tibio-fibular joint
• Gomphoses
• a cone shaped peg fits into a socket.
• E.g. dento-alveolar joint

7. Joint
Cartilagenous Joints
Synovial cavity is absent & bones are held together by cartilage
Allows no or little movements. These are of following types-
• Synchondroses-
• Connecting material is hyaline cartilage.
• Immovable joint.
• Hyaline cartilage ossifies during adult life
• E.g. Joint between 1st rib & Manubrium of sternum.
• Symphysis
• Ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
but a broad, flat disc of fibro-cartilage connects the bone
• Slightly movable joint
• E.g. Pubic symphysis,
• Joint present in between body and manubrium of sternum,
• Intervertebral joint.

8. Joint
Synovial Joints
• Have synovial cavity and are united by a dense connective tissue of an
articular capsule and accessory ligament.
• Freely movable joints.
• Synovial cavity-
• Present in between articulating bones allow free movement
• Articular cartilage-
• The bones are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage.
• Give smooth, slippery surfaces of bone, keeps them separate
• Articular capsule-
• Surrounds synovial joint, encloses synovial cavity & unites artic
ulating bones.
• Composed of two layers.
• Outer fibrous capsule- irregular connective tissue. (flexibility & tensile strength)
• Inner synovial membrane-areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers.

9. Joint
Synovial Joints
• Synovial fluid-
• Synovial membrane secretes a viscous, clear/pale yellow
fluid
• Functions of Synovial fluid
• Reduces friction by lubricating the joints.
• Absorbs shock, supply oxygen & nutrients to
chondrocytes
• Removes carbon dioxide & metallic wastes from the
condrocytes.
• Contains phagocytes that remove microbes & the
debris formed from normal wear and tear of joint
• Accessory ligaments and articular discs
• Present in some joints.

10. Joint Synovial Joints-types

11. Joint Synovial Joints- Types
Type Description Movement Example
Planar Articulating surfaces are flat or
slightly curved
Gliding Inter-carpal, Inter-tarsal,
Sterno-costal joints
Hinge Convex surface fits into concave
surface.
Flexion & Extension Elbow, Ankle,
Inter-phalangeal joints
Pivot Rounded or pointed surface fits
into a ring formed by bone and/
or by ligament
Rotation Atlanto-axial,
Radio-ulnar joints
Condyloid Oval shaped projection fits into
an oval shaped depression
Flexion, Extension,
Abduction,
Adduction,
Circumduction
Radio-carpal,
Metacarpo-phalangeal joints
Saddle Articular surface of one bone is
saddle shaped in which articular
surface of other bone fits.
Flexion, Extension,
Abduction,
Adduction,
Circumduction
Carpo-metacarpal joint
between trapezium & thumb
Ball and Socket Ball like surface of one bone fits
into a cuplike depression
Flexion, Extension,
Abduction,
Adduction,
Circumduction,
Rotation
Shoulder and hip joint

12. Movements Gliding
• Simple movement in which flat bones move back & forth and from
side to side
• E.g. Inter-carpal joints, Inter-tarsal joints

13. Movements Angular movements
• Increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones

14. Movements Angular movements
• Increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones

15. Movements Angular movements
• Increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones

16. Movements Rotation movements
• bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

17. Movements Special movements
• Increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones

18. Disorders of Bones
Osteoporosis
• Condition in which bone become porous
• Rate of bone resorption is greater than bone deposition
• Depletion of calcium from the body through urine, feces and sweat
• Less absorption of calcium from diet.
• Bone becomes so soft that bones fracture easily due to stresses of everyday living
• Other symptoms
• shrinkage of vertebrae, height loss, hunched backs, and bone pain
• Primarily affects middle-aged and elderly people mostly females.
• Mostly found in older women-
• Production of estrogen in women decreases after menopause
• Other factors
• thin or small body build, inactive lifestyle, cigarette smoking, diet low in calcium
& vitamin D, alcoholic drinks and the use of certain medications

19. Disorders of Bones
Rickets & Osteomalacia
• Diseases that result from inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix
• due to deficiency of vitamin D.
• Rickets (disease of children)
• Growing bones become soft and are easily deformed.
• Symptoms- bowed legs, deformities of the skull, rib cage & pelvis
• Osteomalacia (adult version of rickets)
• New bone formed during remodeling fails to calcify,
• Person experiences varying degrees of pain and tenderness in bones.
• Bone fractures also result from minor trauma.
• Prevention & treatment- by administration of adequate vitamin D.

20. Disorders of Joints
Rheumatism & Arthritis
• Rheumatism
• painful disorder of the supporting structure of the body like
bones, tendons, ligaments or muscles that is not caused by
infection.
• Arthritis
• is a form of rheumatism in which joints are swollen, stiff &
painful.
• It is of two types as-
• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis

21. Disorders of Joints
Osteoarthritis
• Cartilage of joint gradually degenerates & lost due to
• aging, obesity, irritation of joints, muscle weakness, wear & abrasion.
• Degenerated cartilage is exposed in synovial joints
• Small patches of new osseous tissue are deposited to prevent the friction
• Decreases space between two bones and reduce joint movements.

22. Disorders of Joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
• Auto-immune disease in which immune system of the body attacks its own tissues
• e. g. own cartilage & joint linings.
• Characters-
• inflammation of the joint- swelling, pain and loss of function.
• Bilaterally e.g. if one wrist is affected, other also likely to be affected.
• Primary symptom
• inflammation of the synovial membrane
• If untreated synovial membrane becomes thick and synovial fluid accumulates
• Resulting pressure produces pain.
• Membrane produces abnormal granulation tissue on surface of articular cartilage & erodes
it completely.
• After destruction of cartilage fibrous tissue is exposed which ossify afterwards
• Fuses the joint and joint become immovable.

23. Disorders of Joints
Gout
• Uric acid (waste product produced during metabolism of nucleic acid)
• Produces excessive amount of uric acid or its excretion is reduced.
• Uric acid accumulates in blood
• Reacts with sodium to form a salt called sodium urate.
• Crystals of the salt accumulates in soft tissues of body such as kidney, cartilages etc.
• In gouty arthritis crystals of urate are deposited in soft tissues of bone
• Erode the cartilage causing inflammation, swelling and acute pain.
• If it is untreated ends of articulating bone fuse and the joints become immovable.