civil engineering ,plumbing, construction, building , walls , washrooms

1. WALL JOINTS & FITTINGS
Group Members
1. Adarsh Choudhary K11
2. Aman Agrawal K12
3. Aman Singh K13
4. Amartya Patil K14

2. WALL JOINTS
 If we are talking about wall joints we need to first
understand , how is wall jointed or placed to each
other side by side

3. MORTAR
 Mortar is a workable paste which dries to bind building
blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry
units, to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them,
and sometimes to add decorative colors or patterns
to masonry walls. In its broadest sense, mortar
includes pitch, asphalt, and soft mud or clay, as used
between mud bricks.

4. INTRODUCTION TO WALL JOINTS
 Concrete is subject to change in length, plane,
and volume due to changes in its temperature,
moisture content, reaction with atmospheric carbon
dioxide and maintenance of loads.
 The effects may be permanent contractions to
initial drying shrinkage, carbonation, and
irreversible creep.
 Other effects are transient and depend on
environmental fluctuations in humidity and
temperature and may result in either expansions or
contractions.

5. JOINTS TERMINOLOGY
 Joints will be designated by a terminology based on the
following characteristics: resistance, configuration,
formation, location, type of structure, and function.
 Resistance: Tied or reinforced, doweled, non doweled, plain.
 Configuration: Butt, lap, tongue, and groove.
 Formation: Sawed, hand-formed, tooled, grooved, insert
formed.
 Location: Transverse, longitudinal, vertical, horizontal.
 Type of Structure: Bridge, pavement, slab-on-grade building.
 Function: Construction, contraction, expansion, seismic,
hinge.
 Example: Tied, tongue and groove, hand-tooled, longitudinal
pavement construction joint.

6. TYPES OF JOINT
 Concave Joint
 V-Joint
 Weather Joint
 Grapevine Joint
 Extruded (squeezed) Joint
 Beaded Joint
 Struck Joint
 Raked Joint
 Flush Joint

7. CONCAVE JOINT
 A recessed masonry joint, formed in mortar by the u
se of a curved steel jointing tool; because of its curv
ed shape it is very effective in resisting rain penetra
tion; used in areas subjected to heavy rains and hig
h winds.

8. V-JOINT
 The V-Joint does not provide any
form of water penetration protection
due to its geometry. The V-joint in
brick masonary construction must br
tooled properly so that no water gets
accumulated within the groove
created.Proper tooling of V-joint helps
to prevent water accumulation and
the penetration into the brick

9. WEATHER JOINT
 The weathered joint is most employed for horizontal
joints. This joint will let the water shed from the joint
. If the placed mortar in the joint is not adhered
properly, there are chances of water movement
through the underside of the joint. This can result in
shrinkage cracks along the bond line

10. GRAPEVINE JOINT
 This shows a horizontal indentation and is used in
wood mold brick installations typically. The joint
creates a wavy line which replicates work that was
done during America’s early years. It is a
recommended joint.

11. EXTRUDED (SQUEZZED ) JOINT
 Provides a rustic, high texture look. It can be
satisfactory in indoors or exterior fences or screen
walls. It is not recommended for exterior building
walls because the mortar is not compressed
against the block or brick.

12. BEADED JOINT
 - A special effect joint in
appearance. How-ever it is a
poor exterior weather joint
because of the ex-posed ledge
and is not recommended.
Moreover it is not used
frequently

13. STRUCK JOINT
 This is used to emphasize horizontal joints. It is a
poor weather joint and is not recommended as
water will penetrate thru the lower edge of the
mortar.

14. RAKED JOINT
 This joint strongly emphasizes
horizontal joints. It is however a very
poor weather joint and is not
recommended if exposed to weather.
This mortar joint incorporates the ledge
of the block to create the horizon-tal
lines that are so desirable with this
joint. The ledge is however a collector
of rain water as it pours down the wall.
Eventually the water will ind its way
around the mortar joint into the interior
of the wall and building.

15. FLUSH JOINT
 Use where the wall is to be plastered or where it is
desirable to hide the mortar joints under paint.
Since it is not compressed it can be difficult to make
the joint weatherproof. The joint must be
compressed to make the mortar come in complete
contact with the block.

16. FITTINGS
Sanitary fitting information
 Sanitary fittings are designed and constructed for
use in food, beverage, medical, pharmaceutical,
and biological applications where cleanliness and
sterility are required. These types of fittings are
constructed of materials that ensure a sterile
environment and maintain sterility during use.

17. FITTING CATEGORIES
 Fittings are categorized based on the three different
types of vessels they can be designed for: pipes, tubes
and hoses.
 Pipes are hollow cylinders of uniform material with a
certain amount of rigidity and permanence. Pipe sizes
are defined nominally, meaning the actual dimensions
(inner diameter, wall thickness) may vary from based on
standard pipe sizes and pipe schedules from ANSI /
ASME and API, where:
 ANSI - American National Standards Institute
 ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 API - American Petroleum Institute

18. FITTING CATEGORIES (CONTD.)
 Tubes and pipes are often interchangeable
in industry, the main difference
typically being how their dimensions are
specified. Generally, tubes and their fittings
are defined with exact rather than nominal
dimensions. In other words, a tube's outer
diameter will often measure exactly 1.5
inches if rated with a 1.5" OD.

19. FITTING CATEGORIES (CONTD.)
 Hoses are generally considered different from
pipes and tubes. They are typically more flexible
and portable, and are often made up of multiple
layers of different materials which vary based on
the application.

20. TYPES OF FITTINGS(EVERY SANITARY FITTING CAN BE
CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE CONNECTION TYPE AND FUNCTION IT
PERFORMS)
 Connection Type
 Fittings are attached to tubes, pipes, or hoses via a
number of different connection methods, each with
its own conveniences and advantages.

21. BALL AND SLEEVE FITTINGS
 Connects an outer sleeve to an inner (ball) fitting.
The sleeve retracts to connect and disconnect the
two ends of the fitting.

22. BARBED FITTINGS
 Connects hose flexible tubing via a barbed end with
a tapered stub and ridges inserted into the vessel.
They are best suited for low pressure applications,
since they do not provide a strong seal.

23. CAM-LOCK FITTINGS
 Connected using tabs which fold down into the
receiver to lock the fitting in place after insertion.
They are used in many heavy-duty applications
such as fire hose and sludge/sewage pumping.

24. COMPRESSION FITTINGS
 Connect vessels using compression on a gasket,
ring, or ferrule.

25. CRIMP FITTINGS
 Involve placing a vessel over a tubular end and
crimping against it with a sleeve or crimp
socket. These fittings typically require crimping
tools to make the connections.

26. END FITTINGS
 Provide specific end surfaces for making
connections
 Clamp ends are fittings which allow vessels
(typically hose) to be clamped to the connection.
 Plain ends are fittings which allow vessels to be
connected by adhesive, solder, or other forms.

27. FLANGS
 Ports with flush surfaces perpendicular to the
attached vessel. These surfaces are joined and
sealed via clamps, bolts, and/or welding. When
connecting tubes and pipes, these fittings are
attached separately to the vessel ends. Flange
connections in hose are typically built in.

28. LUER LOCKS
 Sleeve fittings that afford simple, effective
connections (generally for short, single use) by a
quick twisting action. They are most commonly
used to connect tubes in medical and laboratory
application

29. PUSH-ON (QUICK CONNECT) FITTINGS
 Fittings which have ends designed to
accept vessels by pushing them into the end.
These fittings typically disconnect via some type of
collar retraction. Quick connections are convenient
for sections of the system requiring frequent
disconnection and reconnection during operation.

30. THREADED FITTINGS
 Fittings with screw threads (built-in grooves) on
their inner (female) or outer (male)
surfaces designed to accept tubing with
matching threads.

31. TYPES OF FITTINGS(EVERY SANITARY FITTING CAN BE CLASSIFIED
BASED ON THE CONNECTION TYPE AND FUNCTION IT PERFORMS)
 Function type
There are a variety of different fitting types, each
which performs one of several basic functions.

32. ADAPTER
 Connects two dissimilar vessels to each other via
solvent welding, soldering, or threading.

33. COUPLING
 Connects two similar vessels to each other via
solvent welding, soldering, or threading.

34. SLEEVE
 Connect two vessels to each other using
mechanical fasteners (e.g. screws, anchors).

35. UNION
 Coupling which can be disconnected without
cutting.

36. CAP & PLUGS
 Cap - Covers the end of a vessel, attaching on the
male end via welded or threaded connection.
 Plug - Closes off the end of a vessel, attaching on
the female end via welded or threaded connection.

37. ELBOW
 Changes the direction of the vessel to various
angles. Most common angles are 90° and 45°, but
22.5° elbows are also made.

38. TEE
 Connects three sections in a T-shaped
intersection. This allows fluid flow to be combined
or split apart.

39. WYE
 Connects three sections in a Y-shaped
intersection. They combine or split apart fluid
flow like tees, but with less resistance

40. CROSS
 4-way connections, providing one inlet and three
outlets or vice versa. Crosses are less steady than
tees, and can generate high stress on the vessel
with temperature changes.

41. REDUCER
 Includes all fittings which connect between two or
more vessels of different sizes.

42. OLET
 Reduction fitting attached to branched connections
when adequate reducing tees or crosses are not
available.

43. NIPPLE
 Allows two separate fittings to be connected at
each end. Standard nipples are straight with male
threads on both ends.

44. VALVE
 Connects vessels together with the addition of a
valve for the control of flow.

45. MATERIALS USED FOR MAKING FITTINGS
 Material is an important factor in sanitary fitting
selection. Fitting material considered 'sanitary' must
be sterilizable and be able to handle repeated
exposure to high temperature steam, pressure, and
strong chemicals. Fittings must also be compatible
with the material of the vessel (tube, pipe, or hose)
they are attached to. Often this means that the
fitting material matches the material used for the
vessel, especially in the case of metals.

46. STAINLESS STEEL
 Stainless steel is an alloy of steel that contains a
minimum of 10.5% chromium which provides
superior corrosion resistance and antibacterial
properties compared to standard steels, allowing it
to withstand rigorous cleaning and sanitation
processes without rusting or degrading. It also has
strength and hardness properties similar to other
steel alloys. In sanitary applications, stainless steel
is the most common material used for fittings

47. POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE)
 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a fluorocarbon-
based polymer commonly known by the DuPont
brand name Teflon®. It offers high chemical
resistance, resistance to weathering, low friction,
electrical and thermal insulation, and "slipperiness".
PTFE's mechanical properties are low compared to
other plastics, but they remain at a useful level over
a wide temperature range of -100°F to +400°F (-
73°C to 204°C). Mechanical properties are often
enhanced by adding fillers. It is typically the best
choice for applications involving highly corrosive
liquids such as hydrochloric acid.

48. POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF)
 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a fluoropolymer
also known by its brand name Kynar. It has a
recommended maximum continuous use
temperature of 150°C (302°F). It exhibits excellent
mechanical strength and toughness, stiffness, high
dielectric strength, abrasion resistance, creep
resistance, high purity, chemical inertness, low
flammability, and low moisture absorption. These
properties make PVDF the preferred fitting material
for applications in the semiconductor and chemical
processing industry.

49. POLYPROPYLENE
 Polypropylene is a thermoplastic material that
exhibits excellent cold flow, bi-axial strength, and
yield elongation properties. It is similar to PVC, but
can be used in exposed applications because of its
resistance to UV, weathering, and ozone.

50. THE END