Content What is disease and disease control ? What is disease Elimination and Eradication ? Concept of control Disease control measures Breaking the chain of infection National Health Programs for Disease Control Learning Objectives Describe about disease and disease control Differentiate between disease elimination and eradication Describe the chain of infection and measures to break it Describe action to be taken for controlling of disease Enlist the types of surveillance Enlist the health program runs in India for controlling of disease Disease A pathogenic condition in which the normal functioning of an organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, or death. Source of disease Human Tb, chickenpox, Covid-19 Water cholera, diarrhea, typhoid Animal Rabies Disease control It refers to reducing the transmission of a disease to a level when it no longer remains a “public health problem”. Example :- In London John Snow controlling the cholera by removing the handle of incriminated water pump. Disease Elimination: Reduction of incidence of a disease in a defined geographic area to a predetermined very low level or to zero with continued intervention is known as elimination. Example - Elimination of Measles, Polio and Diphtheria from large geographic regions or areas. Disease Eradication: Eradication is permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts. Eradication literally means to "tear out by roots". Example - Small pox is only a disease which is Eradicated It is eradicated in 1980 Concept of control The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed at reducing :- The incidence of disease The duration of disease, and consequently the risk of transmission The effects of infection, including both the physical and psychosocial complication The financial burden to the community. DISEASE CONTROL MEASURES Every disease has certain weak link in the ‘Chain of transmission’. The basic principle or approach in disease control is to identify that weakest link and break it. This requires sound epidemiological knowledge about the disease study such as - Epidemiological determinants, Magnitude of disease, distribution of disease etc. IV. Disease control measures are undertaken to – - Prevent occurrence of disease - Reduce morbidity and mortality due to disease V. It requires :- Teamwork, Community participation, Inter sectoral coordination Political support and Adequate information about disease epidemiology • For disease control action taken at the following levels– Controlling the Source of Infection Interruption Transmission of Disease Protection of Susceptible Host Reservoir & Controlling the Source of Infection The chain of transmission of a disease starts from the source or reservoir.

1. Topic : Disease Control Measures in Public Health
1
Master of Public Health
PG activity – Seminar Presentation
Presented by – Akshay Dhole
MPH First Year
Semester – 1

2. Content
1)What is disease and disease control ?
2)What is disease Elimination and Eradication ?
3)Concept of control
4)Disease control measures
5)Breaking the chain of infection
6)National Health Programs for Disease Control

3. Learning Objectives
 Describe about disease and disease control
Differentiate between disease elimination and eradication
 Describe the chain of infection and measures to break it
 Describe action to be taken for controlling of disease
 Enlist the types of surveillance
 Enlist the health program runs in India for controlling of disease

4. Disease
A pathogenic condition in which the normal functioning of an
organism or body is impaired or disrupted resulting in
extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, or death.
Source of disease
Human Tb, chickenpox, Covid-19
Water cholera, diarrhea, typhoid
Animal Rabies

5. Disease control
 It refers to reducing the transmission of a disease to a level
no longer remains a “public health problem”.
Example :- In London John Snow controlling the cholera by
the handle of incriminated water pump.

6. Disease Elimination:
 Reduction of incidence of a disease in a defined geographic area to
a predetermined very low level or to zero with continued intervention
is known as elimination.
Example - Elimination of Measles, Polio and Diphtheria from large
geographic regions or areas.

7. Disease Eradication:
 Eradication is permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide
incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of
deliberate efforts.
 Eradication literally means to "tear out by roots".
Example - Small pox is only a disease which is Eradicated
It is eradicated in 1980

8. Concept of control
The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed at
reducing :-
1. The incidence of disease
2. The duration of disease, and consequently the risk of transmission
3. The effects of infection, including both the physical and
psychosocial complication
4. The financial burden to the community.

9. DISEASE CONTROL MEASURES
I. Every disease has certain weak link in the ‘Chain of
transmission’.
II. The basic principle or approach in disease control is to identify
that weakest link and break it.
III.This requires sound epidemiological knowledge about the
disease study such as - Epidemiological determinants,
Magnitude of disease, distribution of disease etc.
-

10. IV. Disease control measures are undertaken to –
- Prevent occurrence of disease
- Reduce morbidity and mortality due to disease
V. It requires :-
Teamwork,
Community participation,
Inter sectoral coordination
Political support and
Adequate information about disease epidemiology

11. Chain of
Infection
Reservoir
Mode of
Transmission
Susceptible Host

12. • For disease control action taken at the following levels–
1)Controlling the Source of Infection
2)Interruption Transmission of Disease
3)Protection of Susceptible Host

13. Controlling source of
Infection
Interruption Transmission
of Disease
Protection of Susceptible
Host
Early Diagnose the cases and
Prompt Treatment
Notification
Isolation
Quarantine
Treatment
Surveillance
Disinfection Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Chemoprophylaxis
Breaking the Chain of Infection

14. Reservoir & Controlling the Source of Infection
 The chain of transmission of a disease starts from the source or reservoir.
 The reservoir of an infectious agent is the habitat in which the agent normally lives,
grows, and multiplies. Reservoirs include humans, animals, and the environment.

15. I. Human reservoir includes AIDS ,Covid-19, hepatitis B etc.
II. Animal reservoir includes rabies in dogs, yellow fever in monkey,
etc.
III.Environment reservoir includes soil. Soil it not only act like a
reservoir but also a source of infection and transmit disease like
tetanus.

16. Controlling the Source of infection
1.Early Diagnose the cases and Prompt Treatment :-
Rapid and early identification of case is require for the following
purpose
• To trace of source of infection
• To initiate the treatment
• To study descriptive epidemiology
• To institute preventive & control measures

17. 2) Notification :-
• Once an infectious disease is suspected, the same should be
mandatory notified to the local health authorities or the global
health authorities depending upon the regulatory mechanisms
as well as the type of disease and to put operation control
measure, including the provision of medical care to patient.
• Notifiable Disease under I.H.R (International Health
Regulations) to W.H.O(World Health Organization) by
National Health Authority – Cholera, Plague & Yellow Fever

18. 3) Isolation :-
• Isolation is defined as Separation, for the period of
communicability of infected person from others so as to protect
from direct or indirect transmission of disease from the infected
one to susceptible.
• The best way of isolating to a infected person is to put person
under strict surveillance in a hospital and in some diseases like
H1N1 and Covid -19 the home isolation is recommended.

19. 4) Quarantine :-
• It is the restriction of activities of healthy person who have been
exposed to communicable disease or are travelling from a
disease-endemic-zone to non-diseased area for a period of time.
• Example :- For Covid-19 the duration of quarantine is about 14.

20. 5) Treatment :-
• To make the patient non-infectious as early as possible.
• To reduce the period of communicability
• To cut short the duration of illness
• To prevent development of secondary cases.

21. 6) Surveillance :-
• It is the systemic ongoing collection and analysis of the data and
timely dissemination of information to those who need to know so
that action can be taken.
• Types :-
a)Passive surveillance :-Data is itself reported to the health system.
Example ;- : A patient with fever coming on his own to the PHC, CHC,
Clinic and Hospital.

22. b) Active Surveillance :- Health system seeks out ‘actively’ the
collection of data, i.e., goes out to community to collect data.
Example- Health worker goes house to house every fortnight to
detect fever cases, collect blood slides under malaria component of
National Vector Borne Disease Control Program

23. c)Sentinel Surveillance:-
 Sentinel surveillance is the study of disease rates in a specific
population to estimate trend in larger population.
 Main objectives is to identifying the missing cases.
Example :- Sentinel Surveillance is done in National AIDS Control
Program wherein STD Clinics, ANC Clinics are sentinel sites to
monitor trends.

24. TRANSMISSION & INTERRUPTION TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE
THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS OF CLASSIFYING THE MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF A DISEASE AND IT
INCLUDES :-
1) DIRECT TRANSMISSION
2) INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
DIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Direct Contact
• Droplet spread
• Inoculation into skin or mucosa
• Contact with soil
• Transplacental
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
• Airborne
• Vehicle borne
• Vector borne
• Fomite borne
• Unclean hands and figures

25. Interruption of Transmission of Disease
 The most important step of controlling of a communicable disease to break the
chain of transmission
 The chain of transmission can be broken based on the type of disease
• For the vector borne disease like malaria, dengue, etc. the chain of transmission
can be broken by source of reduction, i.e. removal of water bodies where the
vector breeding can take place

26. • In case of food borne disease hand hygiene and ensuring safe
drinking water break the chain of transmission.
• For zoonotic diseases like rabies, the chain of transmission can be
broken by vaccinating the canine population.
• Disinfection is also a effective method to break the chain of
transmission.

27. Disinfection :- It is a process of eliminating pathogenic microorganisms.
There are three types of disinfection agents.
I. Natural agents like sunlight linen, bedding can be disinfected by exposing them to sunlight
UV rays for serval hours.
II. Physical agents like hot air oven for sterilizing glassware and the autoclave for linen,
dressing and OT instruments.
III. Chemical agents like Glutaraldehyde, Alcohol, Hydrogen peroxide and phenols are use.

28. Protection of Susceptible Host
 Susceptible host is the person one who is likely prone to
develop a disease
 For a disease to occur in individual, there must be a portal of
entry it may be respiratory route, alimentary route, per
cutaneous route or genital route.
 For protecting the susceptible host the important measure is
to immunization i.e. active immunization or passive
immunization or chemoprophylaxis.

29. Active Immunization :- It is the process of stimulating the body to trigger the
adaptive immune response for the production of antibody by administration of
antigen.
Example :- BCG, OPV ,Rubella, etc.
Passive immunization :- It is the process of providing IgG antibodies derived
from human or animal
To protect against infection to disease rather than producing them by our own
immune system.
Example :- Tetanus Ig, Rabies HRIG.

30. Chemoprophylaxis
• It refers to the administration of a medication for the purpose of
controlling of disease
• For example Antibiotics are administrated to patient with disorders
of immune system function to prevent bacterial infection.

31. National Health program for disease Control
 National Vector Borne Disease Control Program
 National AIDS Control Program
 National Hepatitis Control Program
 National Program For Prevention And Control Of Cancer, Diabetes,
Cardiovascular Disease & Stroke
 National Blindness Control Program
 National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Program
 National tuberculosis Control Program

32. References :-
 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su48a7.htm
 https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=1056&lid=616
 https://www.who.int
 IAPSM TEXTBOOK OF COMMUNITY PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE
 NATION HEALTH PROGRAMME OF INDIA – J KISHOR
 Textbook of community medicine preventive medicine – sundar Lal
 MAHAJAN AND GUPTA TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIA MEDICINE
 PARK TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE

33. Thank You