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Deductive reasoning
1. ASSIGNMENT #5 : POWER POINT PRESENTATION
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
DATE OF SUBMISSION : DECEMBER 15, 2023
079_ Dr. Sidra Shoaib Qureshi
CHPE(05)_079_2023
Deductive
Reasoning
استخراجی
استدالل
2. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• The learners will be able to
Define Logical reasoning
Differentiate different types of Reasonings- Deductive versus
Inductive
Explain Deductive reasoning with examples.
Define Statement, Reasoning, Deductions and conclusions.
3. WHAT IS LOGICAL REASONING ANYWAY?
The Ability to Assess things
rationally
by
Applying logic based on information
while
“making a decision”.
4. WHAT IS LOGICAL REASONING ANYWAY?
The Ability to Assess things
rationally
by
Applying logic based on information
while
“making a decision”.
5. WHAT IS LOGICAL REASONING ANYWAY?
The Ability to Assess things
rationally
by
Applying logic based on information
while
“making a decision”.
11. The inference made from
inductive reasoning may
never happen as it is based on
observations and not facts .
The results are predictable
but NOT ALWAYS correct
14. DEDUCTIVE REASONING/ LOGIC
• A type of logic in which one goes from a
general statement to a specific instance.
• It uses facts, rules, definitions or properties
to arrive at a conclusion
15. DEDUCTIVE REASONING/ LOGIC
• A type of logic in which one goes from a
general statement to a specific instance.
• It uses facts, rules, definitions or properties
to arrive at a conclusion
20. DEDUCTIVE SYLLOGISM- SYLLOGISM: AN
ARGUMENT ARRANGED IN THREE PARTS
• 1. Major Premise: General Principle
• 2. Minor Premise: Specific Instance
• 3. Conclusion: Follows Logically
GENERAL SPECIFIC
22. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 1
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All Good Students are on Dean’s list”
Minor Premise: Specific Instance
• “Samreen is a good Student.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Samreen is on Dean’s List.”
23. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 1
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All Good Students are on Dean’s list”
Minor Premise: Specific Instance
• “Samreen is a good Student.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Samreen is on Dean’s List.”
24. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All Good Students are on Dean’s list”
Minor Premise: Specific Instance
• “Samreen is a good Student.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Samreen must be on Dean’s List.”
25. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 2
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All New Faculty members need to attend a certificate
course in medical education prior to appointment.”
Minor Premise: (Specific Instance)
• “ Allah Nawaz has been selected as Assistant professor
today in a medical university.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Allah Nawaz has passed his CMT .”
26. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 2
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All New Faculty members need to attend a certificate
course in medical education prior to appointment.”
Minor Premise: (Specific Instance)
• “ Allah Nawaz has been selected as Assistant professor
today in a medical university.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Allah Nawaz has passed his CMT .”
27. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 2
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All New Faculty members need to attend a certificate
course in medical education prior to appointment.”
Minor Premise: (Specific Instance)
• “ Allah Nawaz has been selected as Assistant professor
today in a medical university.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Allah Nawaz has passed his CMT .”
28. HOW WILL PAKISTAN DO IN AUSTRALIA ?
DATA
Pak has won 15
and Aus 34 times
out of 70
matches
Pattern
Pakistan has won
last 07 matches
played in
Australia.
Conclusion
Pakistan will win
the series in 2023
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF REASONING ?
29. INCLUSIVE REASONING
DATA
Pak has won 15
and Aus 34 times
out of 70
matches
Pattern
Pakistan has won
last 07 matches
played in
Australia.
Conclusion
Pakistan will win
the series in 2023
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF REASONING ?
30. WAS SOCRATES MORTAL OR IMMORTAL ?
Major
Premise
All human
beings are
Mortal
Minor
Premise
Socrates was
a human
being
Conclusion
Socrates
must be
mortal .
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF REASONING ?
32. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
• The Ability to Assess things rationally by Applying logic
based on information while “making a decision” is called
reasoning
• Reasoning can be Inductive or Deductive.
• Deductive reasoning is explained by using principles of
Syllogism.
• A general argument uses premises ( general principles &
Specific instance) to deduct LOGICAL conclusions.
Why to perform logical reasoning ?
Helps solve problems, handle uncertainty, verify claims and assess situation carefully
Deductive reasoning or deductive logic is a mental process of logically drawing valid inferences. In deductive reasoning, if the given facts, properties, or premises are true, and you apply the correct logic for the inferences or the conclusions, those inferences and conclusions must be true.
Deductive reasoning is also referred to as deductive logic or top-down reasoning.
A type of logic in which one goes from a general statement to a specific instance. It uses facts, rules, definitions or properties
to arrive at a conclusion
Deductive reasoning or deductive logic is a mental process of logically drawing valid inferences. In deductive reasoning, if the given facts, properties, or premises are true, and you apply the correct logic for the inferences or the conclusions, those inferences and conclusions must be true.
Deductive reasoning is also referred to as deductive logic or top-down reasoning.
A type of logic in which one goes from a general statement to a specific instance. It uses facts, rules, definitions or properties
to arrive at a conclusion
Argument: A series of statements called the premises intended to determine the degree of truth of another statement, the conclusion.
Premise: A proposition supporting or helping to support a conclusion
Conclusion: A statement or proposition for which the premises are intended to provide support. (In short, it is the point the argument is trying to make.)