Presentation on working of Apple Face ID. which is introduced in iPhone X

2. CONTENT
 Introduction
 History
 Hardware
 Working
 Advantages
 Limitation
 Security Safeguards
 Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
Face ID is Facial Recognition System designed and developed by Apple Inc. for iPhone
X. It is a type of biometric authentication technology intended to replace Touch ID and
fingerprint based system. Face ID provides intuitive and secure authentication enabled by
the state-of-the-art TrueDepth camera system with advanced technologies to accurately
map the geometry of human face.
Listening the word Face ID, our first reaction is, it must be something like Image
Processing based. But it is different. It is Hardware implemented Face ID.

4. HISTORY
Face has been used for digital authentication purpose for many years.
Many smartphone companies have been implementing face recognition
system for their devices but first time any company has implemented
Face ID using hardware which is much more accurate and reliable than
existing biometric authentication systems.
It was announced on September 12, 2017 and is currently only available
on iPhone X.

5. HARDWARE
The technology that enabled Face ID is some of the most
advanced hardware and software that we’ve ever created. There
are three hardware component to Face ID.
1. Infrared Camera
2. Flood Illuminator
3. Dot Projector
These three peripherals creates TrueDepth camera system.

6. HARDWARE

7. FLOOD ILLUMINATOR
When user glance at the device, It detects
user’s face with flood illuminator. As it uses
infrared light, it is not affected by external
lighting.
Its another function is to assists the FaceTime
camera in stitching the Portrait mode’s blur
effect of the subject’s background.

8. DOT PROJECTOR
More than 30000 dots are projected
onto face to build unique facial map.
Assumptions are that an infrared
spectrum High intensity or Laser
diode is being used to project
through some kind of grid of
approximately 173x173 dots to
generate the required 30k.

9. INFRARED CAMERA
An infrared camera reads the dot pattern. The
speed at which the projected IR light is
reflected onto the face is measured which
allows to create a 3D model of the face.
Captured infrared image is sent to secure
enclave in the A11 Bionic chip to perform a
match.

10. A11 BIONIC CHIP
 A11 Bionic chip includes a 64 bit CPU with 6 cores.
 Two high performance core at 2.39 GHz, called Monsoon.
 And four energy-efficient cores, called Mistral.
 The A11 includes dedicated neural network hardware that
Apple calls a “Neural Engine”.
 It can perform 600 billion operations per second and is
used for Face ID.

11. WORKING
 Flood Illuminator lights up our face.
 It is using IR light which is invisible to human eye.
 Once it detects the position of our face, the dot projector starts.
 Dot projector is reported to shoot 30,000 infrared dots on our face in order to
create a unique 3D facial map.
 The Infrared camera captures the 3D pattern created by the dots which is used to
create a mathematical model of our face.
 That model is checked against the one that was previously setup on the device.

12. ADVANTAGES
1. Apple claimed the probability of someone else unlocking a phone with Face ID is
1 in 1000000 as opposed to Touch ID at 1 in 50000
2. Face ID works even if its dark as it used infrared camera and dot projector to
make 3D model of the face.
3. Face ID automatically adapts to change in our appearance, such as wearing
cosmetic makeup or growing facial hair.
4. Face ID is even attention-aware. It recognizes if your eyes are open and looking
towards device. It can’t be unlocked while sleeping.

13. LIMITATIONS
 When testing Face ID on identical twins, with some tests,
system managing to separate the two, while other tests have
failed.
 The system had additionally been fooled by close relatives.
 The probability of false match is different for twins and
siblings.
 It doesn’t work properly with children under 13 years of age.
As “their distinct facial features may not have fully developed”.

14. SECURITY SAFEGUARDS
The probability that a random person in the population could fool the Face ID is
approximately 1 in 1,000,000. whereas in Touch ID, it is 1 in 50,000.
Face ID matches against depth information which isn’t found in print or 2D digital
photographs.
It is designed to protect against by masks or other techniques through the use of
sophisticated anti-spoofing neural networks.

15. CONCLUSION
This is not the first time that face recognition is being implemented in a smartphone
but this kind of hardware implemented Face ID is important as it uses mentioned 3D
technologies and neural networks to get it done.
The data is refined and updated as user uses Face ID to improve user experience.
Face ID is powered by A11 Bionic chip which gives it real time processing power.
TrueDepth camera system and Neural Networks makes it much more secure than
existing biometric authentication systems. It is really a Wonder of Science.

16. REFERENCE
 https://support.apple.com/en-in/HT208108
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_ID
 https://www.macworld.com/article/3225406/iphone-ipad/face-id-iphone-x-faq.html
 http://www.zdnet.com/article/iphone-x-the-hardware-behind-face-id/
 https://www.wired.com/story/iphone-x-faceid-security/

17. THANK YOU